Spatial distribution of black carbon emissions in China

Zhang, Nan; Qin, Yue; Xie, Shaodong

doi:10.1007/s11434-013-5820-4

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…ref. Lu et al, 2011;Qin and Xie, 2011;Zhang et al, 2013), allowing BC emissions to be necessarily underestimated. This underestimation causes an underappreciated contribution of China's light-absorbing carbon to regional or global warming and may eventually make the world miss a good opportunity of cutting China's BC emissions from rural winter heating activities for climate-health co-benefits (Jacobson, 2001;Streets and Aunan, 2005;Streets et al, 2013;UNEP and WMO, 2011b).…”

Section: Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Village energy survey reveals missing rural raw coal in northern China: Significance in science and policy

Zhi

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2017

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tBurning coal for winter heating has been considered a major contributor to northern China's winter haze, with the district heating boilers holding the balance. However a decade of intensive efforts on district heating boilers brought few improvements to northern China's winter air quality, arousing a speculation that the household heating stoves mainly in rural area rather than the district heating boilers mainly in urban area dominate coal emissions in winter. This implies an extreme underestimation of rural household coal consumption by the China Energy Statistical Yearbooks (CESYs), although direct evidence supporting this speculation is lacking. A village energy survey campaign was launched to gather the firsthand information on household coal consumption in the rural areas of two cities, Baoding (in Hebei province) and Beijing (the capital of China). The survey data show that the rural raw coal consumption in Baoding (5.04 Â 10 3 kt) was approximately 6.5 times the value listed in the official CESY 2013 and exceeded the rural total of whole Hebei Province (4668 kt), revealing a huge amount of raw coal missing from the current statistical system. More importantly, rural emissions of particulate matter (PM) and SO 2 from raw coal, which had never been included in widely distributing environmental statistical reports, were found higher than those from industrial and urban household sectors in the two cities in 2013, which highlights the importance of rural coal burning in creating northern China's heavy haze and helps to explain why a number of modeling predictions on ambient pollutant concentrations based on normal emission inventories were more bias-prone in winter season than in other seasons. We therefore recommend placing greater emphasis on the "missing" rural raw coal to help China in its long-term ambition to achieve clean air in the context of rapid economic development.

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Section: Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Village energy survey reveals missing rural raw coal in northern China: Significance in science and policy

Zhi

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2017

Environmental Pollution

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“…In other words, the light absorption efficiency of BrC increases more than that of BC toward short wavelengths. Recent advances in BrC research revealed its abundances and properties in a number of regions and highlighted the importance of including BrC in the accurate modeling of aerosol radiative forcing (RF) (Mohr et al, 2013;X. Zhang et al, 2013;Chakrabarty et al, 2014;Du et al, 2014;Kirillova et al, 2014;Forrister et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2015;Washenfelder et al, 2015;Cheng et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous studies have shown that the emission factors (EFs) of BC for residential coal burning are closely related to coal rank (bituminous or anthracite) and processing style (raw coal chunk or coal briquette), but they never addressed BrC that is released concurrently with BC (Chen et al, 2006(Chen et al, , 2009aZhi et al, 2008Zhi et al, , 2009. Meanwhile, the optical properties of BrC from coal combustion have almost never been addressed by researchers, possibly because studies regarding BrC emissions have focused preferentially on the observed physical or chemical properties, particularly optical absorption (e.g., AAE) of ambient aerosols for an overall characterization of radiative impacts of BrC in the atmosphere, in a certain region, or from specific burning activities (Chakrabarty et al, 2013;Feng et al, 2013;Lack and Langridge, 2013;Wu et al, 2013;X. Zhang et al, 2013;Zheng et al, 2013;Du et al, 2014;Washenfelder et al, 2015;Yan et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015;Cheng et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission factors and light absorption properties of brown carbon from household coal combustion in China

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Brown carbon (BrC) draws increasing attention due to its effects on climate and other environmental factors. In China, household coal burned for heating and cooking purposes releases huge amounts of carbonaceous particles every year; however, BrC emissions have rarely been estimated in a persuasive manner due to the unavailable emission characteristics. Here, seven coals jointly covering geological maturity from low to high were burned in four typical stoves as both chunk and briquette styles. The optical integrating sphere (IS) method was applied to measure the emission factors (EFs) of BrC and black carbon (BC) via an iterative process using the different spectral dependence of light absorption for BrC and BC and using humic acid sodium salt (HASS) and carbon black (CarB) as reference materials. The following results have been found: (i) the average EFs of BrC for anthracite coal chunks and briquettes are 1.08 ± 0.80 and 1.52 ± 0.16 g kg−1, respectively, and those for bituminous coal chunks and briquettes are 8.59 ± 2.70 and 4.01 ± 2.19 g kg−1, respectively, reflecting a more significant decline in BrC EFs for bituminous coals than for anthracites due to briquetting. (ii) The BrC EF peaks at the middle of coal's geological maturity, displaying a bell-shaped curve between EF and volatile matter (Vdaf). (iii) The calculated BrC emissions from China's residential coal burning amounted to 592 Gg (1 Gg  =  109 g) in 2013, which is nearly half of China's total BC emissions. (iv) The absorption Ångström exponents (AAEs) of all coal briquettes are higher than those of coal chunks, indicating that the measure of coal briquetting increases the BrC ∕ BC emission ratio and thus offsets some of the climate cooling effect of briquetting. (v) In the scenario of current household coal burning in China, solar light absorption by BrC (350–850 nm in this study) accounts for more than a quarter (0.265) of the total absorption. This implies the significance of BrC to climate modeling.

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“…Figure 1 shows the BC emission estimates for the DFNS countries, China, India and Europe. DFNS is not a significant global or even regional source of BC, at least in comparison to the world's largest contributors of BC, like China (with an estimated emission of 1137 kton/yr in 2003 (Ohara et al, 2007) and 1604 kton/yr in 2008 (Zhang et al, 2013) and India [850 kton/yr and 1015 kton/ yr in 2004 and 2010 respectively (Lu et al, 2011)]. Also, it accounts for only 6 % of the European Union emissions calculated for 2005 (www.efca.net/efca2/uploads/file/ Kupiainen_IUAPPA2013_1Oct2013.pdf).…”

Section: Bc Emission Studies In Dfns Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The radiative impact of Nordic anthropogenic black carbon

Hienola¹,

O’Donnell²,

Pietikäinen³

et al. 2016

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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A B S T R A C TThis study presents an assessment of the impact of black carbon (BC) regional emissions of four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden Á denoted henceforth as DFNS). The surface concentrations, radiative forcing and BC-in-snow forcing were calculated using ECHAM-HAMMOZ global aerosol-climate model and, where possible, evaluated with field observations. We found that the model is reproducing the BC surface concentrations for most of the measurement sites considered within 1Á2 standard deviations, with only few exceptions. The radiative forcing (top of the atmosphere, short-wave, clear and total sky) of BC emitted in DFNS on regional (Nordic and Arctic area separately) and global levels was calculated by removing the anthropogenic emissions from DFNS.

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Spatial distribution of black carbon emissions in China

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

Village energy survey reveals missing rural raw coal in northern China: Significance in science and policy

Village energy survey reveals missing rural raw coal in northern China: Significance in science and policy

Emission factors and light absorption properties of brown carbon from household coal combustion in China

The radiative impact of Nordic anthropogenic black carbon

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