Spatial distribution and assessment of nutrient pollution in Lake Toba using 2D-multi layers hydrodynamic model and DPSIR framework

Sunaryani, Astried; Harsono, Eko; Rustini, H A; Nomosatryo, Sulung

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012031

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Nutrient concentrations were higher in areas with high levels of FNC than in areas with low levels. Furthermore, these concentrations tend to increase with water depth [4,55].…”

Section: Trends In Water Quality Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Aquaculture in Floating Net Cages Exceeding the Carrying Capacity on Water Quality and Organic Matter Distribution: the Case of Batur Lake, Indonesia

Garno,

Riyadi,

Iskandar

et al. 2024

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Lake Batur's water quality on Bali Island has significantly declined, leading to massive annual fish mortality rates. The suspected reason is the expansion of aquaculture using floating net cages (FNC) beyond their capacity. The study aims to assess the impact of FNC-based aquaculture on water quality and organic matter distribution, specifically total organic matter, TSS, and chlorophyll a. The result states that Lake Batur has exceeded its carrying capacity of 10,047 plots since 2018 and currently holds 18,768 plots as of 2022. Within the last five years (2018-2022), the FNC discharged 5,947 tons of organic waste into Lake Batur, containing 1,779 quintals of nitrogen and 430 quintals of phosphorus. Consequently, each liter of Lake Batur water accrues 7.29 mg of organic waste annually, including 2.18 mg of nitrogen and 0.53 mg of phosphorus. Organic waste in Lake Batur has led to a reduction

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“…Nutrient concentrations were higher in areas with high levels of FNC than in areas with low levels. Furthermore, these concentrations tend to increase with water depth [4,55].…”

Section: Trends In Water Quality Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Aquaculture in Floating Net Cages Exceeding the Carrying Capacity on Water Quality and Organic Matter Distribution: the Case of Batur Lake, Indonesia

Garno,

Riyadi,

Iskandar

et al. 2024

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…The blue color shows the oligotrophic to mesotrophic status while green color shows the eutrophic to hypereutrophic status. The DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework was developed by EPA in 1999, used for analyze the cause-effect relationship between interacting components of complex social, economic and environmental systems and information flow management between its parts [18,19]. In this study, we used DPSIR framework to assess strategies in controlling eutrophication in Lake Batur.…”

Section: Determination Of Trophic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eutrophication in Lake Batur: Current status and management strategies

Sunaryani,

Santoso,

Soewondo

et al. 2024

E3S Web of Conf.

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Lake Batur, designated as one of the National Priority Lakes in Indonesia, has experienced significant eutrophication in recent years. Waste generated from various anthropogenic activities, including agriculture, domestic, tourism, and floating net fishery (FNF), have collectively contributed to the decline in water quality and the eutrophication status of the lake. Our study aimed to evaluate the current eutrophication status of Lake Batur by analyzing the spatial and temporal variations in nutrient parameters, water transparency and phytoplankton biomass. Then we assessed strategies in controlling eutrophication in the lake using the Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework. Currently, Lake Batur has reached mesotrophic to hypereutrophic levels. We identified that the main driving forces behind these concerning conditions were the significant increase of agricultural and FNF activities, particularly since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main environmental pressures showed that agriculture waste was the most dominant nutrient source to the lake (93.05 % of N and 89.96 % of P loads). The state analysis indicated that high nutrient concentrations and subsequent algal growth led to oxygen depletion, resulting in mass mortality of fish, loss of amenity and tourism value, and reduced availability of clean water. Short-term and long-term strategies for effectively managing eutrophication in Lake Batur has been proposed in this study. However, the best scenario will be chosen by considering both eutrophication issue and social implications.

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“…The TP loading from cage aquaculture activity is high. Cage aquaculture activity in Lake Toba has been very prominent and has exceeded the carrying capacity if it refers to oligotrophic status waters condition [9], [30].…”

Section: B Impact Of Pollutant Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loads of Pollution to Lake Toba and Their Impacts

Lukman¹,

Hidayat²,

Subehi³

et al. 2021

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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Lakes provide various ecosystem services that support biotic habitats and human life. In contrast, many lakes in the world are degraded due to pollutant supply from surrounding areas and human activities in the lake. Lake Toba, which is the largest lake in Indonesia, has indicated a polluted condition. However, the source and load of each pollutant are not yet known. A study has been conducted to determine nutrient and organic load levels entering the lake represented by Total Phosphorus (TP) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), respectively. Observations were carried out in November 2017 at 22 locations, i.e., at 12 inlet rivers debouching to the lake and 10 sites at the lake. The pollutant impact was assessed from water class criteria based on COD, waters trophic status based on TP, and vertical oxygen profile representing cage aquaculture (CA) and non-cage aquaculture (NCA) areas. Based on COD and government regulation number 82/2001, water quality at the lake inlets was class III and IV. In the lake area, water class in NCA was III, while in CA the water class tends to be III and IV. Estimated TP loading from the catchment area was 138 tonnes/yr, while that from cage aquaculture activity was 570.33 tonnes/yr. Pollutants have caused the worsening of water class, increasing water column anoxia in the hypolimnion layer and eutrophication in Lake Toba.

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Spatial distribution and assessment of nutrient pollution in Lake Toba using 2D-multi layers hydrodynamic model and DPSIR framework

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

The Impact of Aquaculture in Floating Net Cages Exceeding the Carrying Capacity on Water Quality and Organic Matter Distribution: the Case of Batur Lake, Indonesia

The Impact of Aquaculture in Floating Net Cages Exceeding the Carrying Capacity on Water Quality and Organic Matter Distribution: the Case of Batur Lake, Indonesia

Eutrophication in Lake Batur: Current status and management strategies

Loads of Pollution to Lake Toba and Their Impacts

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