Spatial assessment of transgender population: The deprived
community on Pakistan

Basit, Muhammad; Sajjad, Asif; Mahmood, Zama; Sohail, Muhammad; Khurshid, Saba

doi:10.34154/10.34154/2020-assj-0202-01-12/euraass

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Khwaja sira is an umbrella term used to refer to individuals who were assigned male sex at birth, but currently identify or express their gender identity in feminine or gender-nonconforming ways (Ghani, 2018). According to the 2017 census, the total third gender population in Pakistan includes 10,418 people; of this population, 8.3% live in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) where the Swat Valley is located (Basit et al, 2020). Scholars estimate that these figures are vastly underreported, as many third gender individuals do not disclose their identities publicly, given the high degree of social stigma and discrimination associated with their identities (Arvind et al, 2021; Chakrapani et al, 2020).…”

Section: Sexual Violence Against Khwaja Siramentioning

confidence: 99%

“One by one, they raped me”: Sexual violence against khwaja sira in Swat, Pakistan.

Azhar,

Ahmad,

Tariq

2024

Psychology of Violence

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Objective: The objective of the present study was to explore themes related to sexual violence against khwaja sira in Mingora, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Method: We conducted 45 in-depth interviews with khwaja sira in Mingora, Swat on their lived experiences with sexual violence. Interviews were digitally audio recorded in Pashto, then translated into English for coding, interpretation, and thematic content analysis of the transcripts. Results: We identified the following themes regarding sexual violence against khwaja sira: (1) childhood experiences of sexual violence are highly prevalent, (2) adult experiences with rape increase in violence, and (3) social norms harm or ignore khwaja sira. For the first theme, we identified the following subthemes: (a) experiencing sexual abuse at school, (b) the bathroom as a site for sexual violence, and (c) youth experiences in sex work. For the second theme, we identified the following subthemes: (a) kidnapping, robbery, and physical violence and (b) negative perceptions of sex workers. And finally, for the third theme, we identified the following subthemes: (a) experiencing repeated gang rape, (b) cutting hair as punishment, and (c) police complicity with violence. Conclusions: Study findings highlighted an important unmet need regarding sexual violence against khwaja sira in Swat, Pakistan. Many participants experienced intersectional stigma as their experiences with sexual violence were also connected to negative community perceptions about their identities as sex workers and third gender people. Social interventions and policies should more fully address these issues to help ensure the safety of khwaja sira communities.

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Section: Sexual Violence Against Khwaja Siramentioning

confidence: 99%

“One by one, they raped me”: Sexual violence against khwaja sira in Swat, Pakistan.

Azhar,

Ahmad,

Tariq

2024

Psychology of Violence

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“…With the increase in the population at a growth rate of 2.4% as per 2017 census results (Basit et al, 2018) and extensive urbanization in the recent years (Blank et al, 2014) in Pakistan, the demand of the construction materials for building construction units is increasing day by day. In the developing countries, like Pakistan, burnt clay bricks are the main construction material to build residential units.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) bricks

Hameed

Imran

Hassan

et al. 2023

rdlc

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Urbanization and modern development of expanding infrastructure have resulted in large construction activities. With the expeditious growth in the construction industry, the rate of demolition has also increased. This is causing considerable increase in Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste all around the globe. To minimize its impact on society and environment, preventive measures are required to be taken on urgent basis, and for this reason construction industry has proposed the use of recycle concrete aggregates in different applications and there is dire need to investigate experimentally the properties of concrete products made using Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC). In this regard, this study focused to investigate the mechanical properties of 100% RAC bricks prepared with two different compositions with respect to coarse to fine aggregates ratio (i.e., 70:30 and 60:40), cement dosage (i.e., 10% and 15% by weight of total aggregates) and casting pressure (i.e., 25 MPa and 35 MPa). Recycled concrete aggregates required for this study were produced by crushing tested concrete samples having compressive strength of 21 MPa to 28 MPa. Mechanical tests were performed on bricks to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, shear strength, impact energy in compression and flexure. In addition to these destructive tests, non-destructive (rebound hammer and ultra-sonic pulse velocity) tests were also performed. To draft a comparison, Natural Aggregate Concrete (NAC) bricks and first class burnt clay bricks were also tested. The results indicated that the compressive strength of NAC bricks was about 30% higher than the compressive strength of RAC bricks. However, RAC bricks exhibited higher compressive strength as compared to burnt-clay bricks. The flexural strength of RAC bricks containing 60% coarse aggregates and 40% fine aggregates and RAC bricks containing 70% coarse aggregates and 30% fine aggregates was found to be almost similar but their flexure strength was 37.3% and 20.7% lesser than their corresponding NAC bricks. Flexure strength of RAC bricks and burnt clay bricks was found to be almost same. Qualitative assessment by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests showed that the NAC and RAC bricks were of good quality as per the standard criteria. The findings of this study indicated that RAC bricks satisfied the strength requirements as stated by local and international standards. Further, RAC bricks performed better than commonly used first class burnt clay bricks. Production and use of RAC bricks in masonry structures will not only help to conserve the depleting resources of natural aggregates and clay but also help to protect our environment from pollution by reducing CO2 emission caused by the coal-burning as fuel in kilns for the manufacturing of burnt-clay bricks.

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“…In a country of over 200 million only 10418 have chosen to reveal their transgender identity (Basit et al, 2020). This appears to be way off the mark as literature suggests that individuals categorized as trans-genders (inclusive of cross dressers, intersex persons, masculine females, feminine males) amount to about 0.05% of the total population (Convey 2002) which suggests that perhaps there are ten million and definitely not ten thousand trans-genders in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Newspaper Representation of Transgender in Pakistan: A Multi-Modal Analysis

Malik

Ali

Fahad

2022

PJGS

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The aim of the research was to analyze the media visibility of transgenders. The study was conducted via a multi-modal analysis of photographs of trans-genders published in two leading dailies of Pakistan. The analysis was conducted on two levels according to the meta-functions of the visual design as proposed by Kress & van Leeuwen (1996), which are ideational and interpersonal. On the ideational level, five themes emerged which were categorized as images showing confidence, glamour, deprivation, protest, and harassment. The number of images with the themes of confidence and glamour was significantly more in number in comparison to the themes of deprivation, harassment, and protests which were significantly fewer in number although they bear the closest affinity to the everyday lives of the subjects. On the interpersonal level, it is interesting that most of the photographs maintained direct eye contact between the subject and the viewer and thus create an interpersonal bond. A major anomaly that was observed referred to the absolute exclusion of female to male transgenders or trans-males, which is another case of symbolic annihilation.

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Spatial assessment of transgender population: The deprived community on Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

“One by one, they raped me”: Sexual violence against khwaja sira in Swat, Pakistan.

“One by one, they raped me”: Sexual violence against khwaja sira in Swat, Pakistan.

Mechanical performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) bricks

Newspaper Representation of Transgender in Pakistan: A Multi-Modal Analysis

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