Spatial Assessment of Degraded Lands for Biofuel Production in Indonesia

Abstract

This study spatially estimates degraded lands in Indonesia that have limited functions for food production, carbon storage, and conservation of biodiversity and native vegetation, and examines their suitability to grow biodiesel species (Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia pinnata and Reutealis trisperma) and biomass species (Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium). Results showed that Indonesia has ∼3.5 million ha of degraded lands potentially suitable for these species. With the all-five-species scenario, these lands had the potential to produce 1105 PJ yr−1 of biomass and 3 PJ yr−1 of biodiesel. With the biodiesel-only-species scenario, these lands showed the potential to produce 10 PJ yr−1 of biodiesel. Despite this energy potential, however, the land sizes were too small to support economies of scale for biofuel production. The study findings contribute to identifying lands with limited functions, modeling biofuel-species growth on regional lands and estimating carbon stocks of restored degraded lands in Indonesia.

Penilaian Potensi Lahan Kritis Untuk Pengembangan Hutan Tanaman Energi Di Lombok Timur

“…Kecenderungan peningkatan penggunaan bioenergi ini harus disertai dengan pengembangan sumber-sumber penghasilnya. Hal ini melatarbelakangi perlunya pengembangan hutan tanaman yang secara khusus berorientasi memasok kayu untuk bioenergi (Lee et al, 2015;Borchard, Artati, Lee, & Baral, 2017;Jaung et al, 2018).…”

“…Pada analisis kesesuaian ini, jenis tanaman kayu energi yang diujikan adalah Leucaena leucocephala (lamtoro), Calliandra calothyrsus (kaliandra), Gliricidia sepium (gamal), dan Acacia auriculiformis (akasia). Keempat jenis ini di Pulau Lombok telah dimanfaatkan sebagai kayu energi dan secara teknis memenuhi syarat untuk dikembangkan karena pertumbuhannya cepat, memiliki percabangan yang lebat, mudah tumbuh pada berbagai kondisi tempat tumbuh, cepat bertunas setelah dipangkas, berat jenisnya tinggi, dan kayunya bernilai kalor tinggi (Jaung et al, 2018). Dalam analisis kesesuaian pada parameter ekologi, skoring dilakukan berdasarkan gabungan persyaratan tumbuh keempat jenis tanaman tersebut yang tercantum pada Tabel 1.…”

Integrating bioenergy and food production on degraded landscapes in Indonesia for improved socioeconomic and environmental outcomes

“…Being able to meet the high costs involved in land restoration (approximately from US$260 to US$2,880 per hectare, depending on the condition of land and costs related to restoration methods) affects whether people managing agricultural and forest landscapes embrace such restoration efforts (Brown, ; Strassburg & Latawiec, ). With this in mind, bioenergy species, for example, nyamplung, has potential to be used as a restoration crop in agroforestry systems, offering a climate‐smart farming approach by producing bioenergy as well as the function for soil and biodiversity conservation (Baral & Lee, ; Borchard et al., ; Jaung et al., ; Maimunah et al., ; Prabakaran & Britto, ; Schweier et al., ). As such farming can bring environmental and socioeconomic benefits without sacrificing agricultural production, it proves a viable way to shift toward sustainable production and scale back unsustainable agricultural practices that may lead to further degradation and deforestation (Boucher et al., ; Brown, Robinson, French, & Reed, ; Rahman, Sunderland, et al., ; Rahman, Jacobsen, et al., ).…”

Multi-dimensional rapid appraisal technique for evaluating the sustainability of energy plantation forests in East Lombok District, Indonesia

“…The use of energy wood that does not originate from sustainably managed forests is often associated with environmental damage. In order to realize the potential benefits of energy wood, the production must be done in sustainable ways (Jaung et al 2018). In East Lombok, the practice of forest cultivation for the supply of energy wood has been carried out at a small scale by community and at a larger scale by private company.…”

“…A study of potential utilization of degraded lands in East Java and West Java indicates that those degraded lands can be developed as energy plantation forest and the woody biomass product can supply electric power generation to overcome 4.2 million households without electricity (Siregar et al 2017). Nonetheless, to ensure renewable energy sources to be sustainable, energy wood should be produced from degraded lands without sacrifice productive agricultural lands, carbon stocks, biodiversity, and native vegetation (Jaung et al 2018). According to the concept of sustainable development, land resources management, including utilization of energy plantation forests, requires integrated management that can guarantee ecological, economic and social sustainability (Phoochinda 2015).…”