Spatial and Temporal Variation of Roots, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Plant and Soil Nutrients in a Mature Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.) Vineyard in Oregon, USA

Abstract

The spatial and temporal development of grapevine roots and associated mycorrhizal fungi was studied in 1999 and 2000 in a 21-year-old, Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard located on a Jory soil (Palehumult, silty clay loam) in Oregon, USA. The density of woody roots and fine (primary) roots deemed to be physiologically active (based on color and cellular integrity) were determined at monthly intervals in the weed-free, vine row and in the alleyway between rows at two depths (0-50 and 50-100 cm). The majority of fine roots were growing in the vine row at 0-50 cm depth. Fine root density did not change dramatically over the 1999 or 2000 seasons until the time of fruit harvest in the fall. Apparently, new root growth kept pace with turnover (death) prior to harvest, but new root growth surpassed turnover in the fall after fruit harvest. Colonization of fine roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was consistently high in the vine row at 0-50 cm depth, but was lower in roots growing in the alleyway, and in roots below 50 cm. The proportion of fine roots containing arbuscules (the site of nutrient exchange in arbuscular mycorrhizas) was also greatest for roots growing in the vine row at 0-50 cm depth. Arbuscular colonization of these roots increased prior to budbreak in the spring, reached a high level (50-60% root length) by early summer, and remained high until after the time of leaf senescence in late fall. Arbuscular colonization decreased rapidly

Leaf blade and petiole nutritional evolution and variability throughout the crop season for Vitis vinifera L. cv. Graciano

“…Regarding micronutrients, the increases in Fe and Mn, agree with previous reports for other cultivars (Schreiner, 2005;Benito et al, 2013;Romero et al, 2013). The different trends observed by the Zn were probably due to either different climatic conditions and/ or the soil effect (Figs.…”

“…2) concurred with results found for other cultivars, such as 'Chardonnay' (Parejo et al, 1992), 'Pinot noir' (Schreiner, 2005), 'red Grenache' (Benito et al, 2013) or 'Tempranillo' .…”

“…Pre-flowering With respect to Cu, Schreiner (2005) observed a decreasing trend for Cu concentration in blade throughout the season for 'Pinot noir' cultivar while, in this study, blade increased Cu concentration in the early maturation stage. Therefore, the application of fungicides impeded the study of Cu behaviour (Benito et al, 2013;Romero et al, 2013).…”

Nitrogen capture by grapevine roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from legume cover-crop residues under low rates of mineral fertilization

“…Grapevines respond positively to AMF, as evidenced by increased growth with inoculation (Biricolti et al 1997;Linderman and Davis 2001;Schubert et al 1988). Furthermore, their low root density (Schreiner 2005) and coarse root texture suggest that the mycorrhizal dependency of grapevines is relatively high (Eissenstat 1992). Grapevine roots utilize N from legume crop residue tilled into vineyard soil (Patrick et al 2004;Patrick-King and Berry 2005), but vine root densities may be low in soil where residues are incorporated (Schreiner 2005) because cover crops are typically planted up to 1 m away from the vines (Ingels et al 2005).…”

“…Furthermore, their low root density (Schreiner 2005) and coarse root texture suggest that the mycorrhizal dependency of grapevines is relatively high (Eissenstat 1992). Grapevine roots utilize N from legume crop residue tilled into vineyard soil (Patrick et al 2004;Patrick-King and Berry 2005), but vine root densities may be low in soil where residues are incorporated (Schreiner 2005) because cover crops are typically planted up to 1 m away from the vines (Ingels et al 2005). Therefore, it is possible that root-distant hyphae have access to N from crop residue that is spatially unavailable to roots, and this arrangement may be important for grapevine N acquisition (Hawkins et al 2000).…”