Spatial and temporal distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a drinking water resource: Implications for monitoring and risk assessment

Burnet, Jean-Baptiste; Penny, Christian; Ogorzaly, Leslie; Cauchie, Henry‐Michel

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.083

Cited by 55 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Infection may be acquired through direct contact with infected persons (person-to-person transmission) or animals (zoonotic transmission) and ingestion of contaminated food (foodborne transmission) and water (waterborne transmission) [6, 11, 52]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals and that Cryptosporidium may also be transmitted via respiratory secretions [53].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

2017

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving “One Health” initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

2017

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“…Cryptosporidiosis is a highly prevalent and extremely widespread disease, and several factors contribute to this. Infected individuals shed large numbers of oocysts, which are environmentally very robust, resistant to inactivation by commonly used drinking water disinfectants including chlorine treatment and are able to survive routine wastewater treatments . Cryptosporidium oocysts are highly infectious; in human volunteer studies, as few as 10 or less Cryptosporidium oocysts can produce disease in healthy adults .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infected individuals shed large numbers of oocysts, which are environmentally very robust, resistant to inactivation by commonly used drinking water disinfectants including chlorine treatment and are able to survive routine wastewater treatments. 33,34 Cryptosporidium oocysts are highly infectious; in human volunteer studies, as few as 10 or less Cryptosporidium oocysts can produce disease in healthy adults. 35,36 A quantitative risk assessment has estimated that ingestion of a single oocyst of the C. parvum IOWA isolate will result in clinical disease in 2.79% of immunologically normal persons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—a one health approach to prophylaxis

Ryan

Zahedi

Paparini

2016

Parasite Immunology

206

150

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“…The parasite is fecal orally transmitted via water, food, or direct contact (Burnet et al 2014). Clinical symptoms in immune-competent individuals can include self-limiting watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting but in immunecompromised individuals, infections can result in chronic or protracted diarrhea (Chalmers and Davies 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical symptoms in immune-competent individuals can include self-limiting watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting but in immunecompromised individuals, infections can result in chronic or protracted diarrhea (Chalmers and Davies 2010). The environmental stage of the parasite (oocyst) is resistant to inactivation by commonly used drinking water disinfectants (Baldursson and Karanis 2011;Burnet et al 2014). As a result of this, contamination of water supplies is a major mode of transmission, and Cryptosporidium was the etiological agent in 60.3 % (120) of the waterborne protozoan parasitic outbreaks reported worldwide between 2004 and 2010 (Baldursson and Karanis 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Cryptosporidium species in farmed and wild buffalo from the Northern Territory, Australia

Zahedi

Phasey²,

Boland³

et al. 2016

Parasitol Res

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A molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Northern Territory in Australia was conducted. Fecal samples were collected from adult farmed (n = 50) and wild buffalo (n = 50) and screened using an 18S quantitative PCR (qPCR). Positives were typed by sequence analysis of 18S nested PCR products. The qPCR prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in farmed and wild buffalo was 30 and 12 %, respectively. Sequence analysis identified two species: C. parvum and C. bovis, with C. parvum accounting for ~80 % of positives typed from the farmed buffalo fecal samples compared to 50 % for wild buffalo. Subtyping at the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) locus identified C. parvum subtypes IIdA19G1 (n = 4) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1) in the farmed buffalo and IIaA18G3R1 (n = 2) in the wild buffalo. The presence of C. parvum, which commonly infects humans, suggests that water buffaloes may contribute to contamination of rivers and waterways with human infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts, and further research on the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in buffalo populations in Australia is required.

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Spatial and temporal distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a drinking water resource: Implications for monitoring and risk assessment

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—a one health approach to prophylaxis

First report of Cryptosporidium species in farmed and wild buffalo from the Northern Territory, Australia

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