Spatial analysis for bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus type 1 infections in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil

Abstract

BackgroundBovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) cause reproductive problems in cattle and restrictions on international trade in animals worldwide. Both infections were detected in cattle herds in the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, however, the spatial distribution and geographic identification of positive herds for these viruses has never been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the spatial pattern of apparent prevalence estimate and to identify spatial clustering of positive herds of BVDV and BoHV-1 infections in cattle herds from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.ResultsThe herd-level prevalence for BVDV and BoHV-1 infections in Paraíba were, respectively, 65.5% (95% CI: 61.1–69.7) and 87.8% (95% CI: 84.5–90.5). The average apparent within-herd prevalence of BVDV was 31.8% and of BoHV-1 was 62.4%. The predicted prevalence was highest (0.42–0.75) for BVDV in the west, north and eastern part of Sertão and in the central and eastern part of Agreste/Zona da Mata. For BoHV-1, the highest predicted prevalence (0.74–0.97) was in some local areas across Sertão and throughout the eastern part of Agreste/Zona da Mata. Six significant clusters were detected for BVDV, a primary cluster covering the eastern Sertão region, with 11 herds, radius of 24.10 km and risk relative (RR) of 2.21 (P < 0.001) and five smaller significant clusters, involving one or two herds in Agreste/Zona da Mata region with a high RR. A significant clustering of BoHV-1 positive herds (P < 0.001) was detected in Agreste/Zona da Mata region with a radius of 77.17 km and a RR of 1.27, with 103 cases. Consistency was found between kriging and SatScan results for identification of risk areas for BVDV and BoHV-1 infections.ConclusionsThe clusters detected contemplated different areas of the state, with BVDV cluster located in the Sertão and BoHV-1 in Agreste/Zona da Mata stratum. Through the risk mapping, it was possible to identify the areas in which the risk is significantly elevated, coincided with areas where there are borders with other states and in which there is a high movement of animals.

Exploring the longitudinal dynamics of herd BVD antibody test results using model-based clustering

“…Antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) BVD diagnostic tests on blood or milk samples are used commonly to provide data about BVD exposure, both in individual animals and at a herd level. Previous studies have examined genetic clustering of BVD virus 5 , BVD spatial clusters 6,7 and seroprevalence cohorts among young stock in Scottish suckler herds 8 . These studies indicate that distinct subgroups of BVD infected farms can be identified although little is known about how these subgroups change over time.…”

Study of isolate of Infectious rynotracheitis virus identified in the acute course of the disease

“…Introduction. Pathogens of bovine respiratory diseases, including infectious rhinotracheitis (IRT) virus, are known to have significant adverse effects on animal health and productivity (Headley et al, 2018), and to limit international trade in animals worldwide (Fernandes et al, 2018).…”

Molecular detection and phylogeny of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 among cattle herds from Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest regions, Brazil

“…Although several studies have focused on viral pathogens implicated with ulcerative disease affecting cattle such as Pseudocowpoxvirus, Bovine popular stomatitis virus, Bovine herpesviruses, and Orthopoxviruses, few are the studies reporting BVDV characterization and specific genotypes circulating in Brazilian cattle herds [13,22,24,25,[35][36][37][38]. BVDV-1a seems to be the most prevalent genotype circulating in Brazil, followed by BVDV-2b [23].…”