Spaser, Plasmonic Amplification, and Loss Compensation

Stockman, Mark I.

doi:10.1002/9781118634394.ch1

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Furthermore, we focus on dielectric semiconductor nanowires, excluding random lasing effects in nanowire arrays (an extrinsic effect related to random cavities rather than inherent material properties) and nanowire lasers based on organic materials, like polymers [74] or metals [75]. In particular, we do not address work related to surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (spaser) [7,73], as more appropriate reviews on this topic already exist [9,53,92], including some that are recent [62,121].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanowire Lasers

et al. 2015

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Abstract:We review principles and trends in the use of semiconductor nanowires as gain media for stimulated emission and lasing. Semiconductor nanowires have recently been widely studied for use in integrated optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and transistors. Intensive research has also been conducted in the use of nanowires for subwavelength laser systems that take advantage of their quasione-dimensional (1D) nature, flexibility in material choice and combination, and intrinsic optoelectronic properties. First, we provide an overview on using quasi-1D nanowire systems to realize subwavelength lasers with efficient, directional, and low-threshold emission. We then describe the state of the art for nanowire lasers in terms of materials, geometry, and wavelength tunability. Next, we present the basics of lasing in semiconductor nanowires, define the key parameters for stimulated emission, and introduce the properties of nanowires. We then review advanced nanowire laser designs from the literature. Finally, we present interesting perspectives for low-threshold nanoscale light sources and optical interconnects. We intend to illustrate the potential of nanolasers in many applications, such as nanophotonic devices that integrate electronics and photonics for next-generation optoelectronic devices. For instance, these building blocks for nanoscale photonics can be used for data storage and biomedical applications when coupled to on-chip characterization tools. These nanoscale monochromatic laser light sources promise breakthroughs in nanophotonics, as they can operate at room temperature, can potentially be electrically driven, and can yield a better understanding of intrinsic nanomaterial properties and surface-state effects in lowdimensional semiconductor systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanowire Lasers

et al. 2015

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“…There have been ways to realize the gain medium, for example, the use of semiconductor quantum dots65, dye molecules6667, or rare-earth ions68. However, theoretical dispersive models on their effective permittivities are not unified, for example, they are modelled by Lorentizian feature6669, assumed with 1/( ω − ω 0 ) behaviour70, or just approximated by constants (non-dispersive)571.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous Light Scattering by Topological PT-symmetric Particle Arrays

Ling

Choi

Mok

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Robust topological edge modes may evolve into complex-frequency modes when a physical system becomes non-Hermitian. We show that, while having negligible forward optical extinction cross section, a conjugate pair of such complex topological edge modes in a non-Hermitian -symmetric system can give rise to an anomalous sideway scattering when they are simultaneously excited by a plane wave. We propose a realization of such scattering state in a linear array of subwavelength resonators coated with gain media. The prediction is based on an analytical two-band model and verified by rigorous numerical simulation using multiple-multipole scattering theory. The result suggests an extreme situation where leakage of classical information is unnoticeable to the transmitter and the receiver when such a -symmetric unit is inserted into the communication channel.

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“…Photoexcitation by ultrashort laser pulses [2][3][4] is one of the methods to generate plasmons. When the pulsed excitation is of high enough power, it can modify material properties of either the plasmonic medium or its electromagnetic environment, which is the principle underlying the emerging field of active plasmonics [2,[5][6][7]. For example, photoexcitation-induced population inversion may permit plasmon loss compensation or amplification [5,6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the pulsed excitation is of high enough power, it can modify material properties of either the plasmonic medium or its electromagnetic environment, which is the principle underlying the emerging field of active plasmonics [2,[5][6][7]. For example, photoexcitation-induced population inversion may permit plasmon loss compensation or amplification [5,6]. More often, plasmon lifetime remains quite short, e.g., tens of femtoseconds (fs) in noble metals, which is an obstacle to applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiabatic Amplification of Plasmons and Demons in 2D Systems

2016

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Semiclassical quantization rules and numerical calculations are applied to study polariton modes of materials whose permittivity tensor has principal values of opposite sign (so-called hyperbolic materials). The spectra of volume-and surface-confined polaritons are computed for spheroidal nanogranules of hexagonal boron nitride, a natural hyperbolic crystal. The field distribution created by polaritons excited by an external dipole source is predicted to exhibit raylike patterns due to classical periodic orbits. Near-field infrared imaging and Purcell-factor measurements are suggested to test these predictions. KEYWORDS:Hyperbolic materials, boron nitride, polariton, nanoresonator, Purcell's factor, semiclassical quantization R ecently much interest has been attracted to a class of uniaxial materials whose axial ε z and tangential ε ⊥ permittivities have opposite signs. These hyperbolic materials (HM) possess extraordinary rays with unusual properties. In this Letter, we focus on polar dielectric HM 1−5 where the extraordinary rays are phonon-polariton collective modes. Our results may also apply to other HM, including ferromagnets, 6 magnetized plasmas, 7 artificial metamaterials, 8 layered superconductors, 9,10 and liquid crystals. 11The basic properties of hyperbolic polaritons are as follows. Their isofrequency surfaces ω(p) = const in momentum space p = (p x , p y , p z ) are hyperboloids. In a broad range of |p| from the free-space photon momentum ω/c to an upper cutoff imposed by microscopic structure, these hyperboloids can be approximated by cones (Figure 1a)The group velocity v(p) = ∂ p ω is always orthogonal to the isofrequency surface. Hence, within the conical approximation it has a fixed angle α = tan/(ε z ) 1/2 ]} with respect to the optical axis. Such a strictly directional propagation of polaritons may be used for subdiffractional focusing 12,13 and super-resolution imaging known as "hyperlensing". 8,14−16Because the high-momenta polaritons remain immune to evanescent decay, volume-confinement of polaritons inside nanogranules 3,17,18 is possible. Several experimental observations of such modes in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a natural mid-infrared HM, have been reported. 2,3,12,13,17,19 (This layered insulator is also known to be a premier substrate 20 or a spacer for van der Waals heterostructures. 21,22 ) In the far-field spectroscopy, 3 the polariton modes of hBN nanogranules show up as discrete resonances. Remarkably, the spectrum of such resonances was found to depend primarily on the aspect ratio of the granules rather than their size or precise shape. Exact solutions 1,6,10 for spheroidal or spherical shapes enable one to compute such spectra but they do not elucidate the underlying physical picture.In this Letter, we further develop an alternative ray optics method 23 that makes connection to the Einstein−Brillouin− Keller (EBK) quantization 24,25 of a classical particle inside a cavity having the same shape as the granule. The indefinite permittivity tensor of the HM maps o...

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Spaser, Plasmonic Amplification, and Loss Compensation

Cited by 12 publications

References 94 publications

Nanowire Lasers

Nanowire Lasers

Anomalous Light Scattering by Topological PT-symmetric Particle Arrays

Adiabatic Amplification of Plasmons and Demons in 2D Systems

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