Soybean mosaic disease (SMD): a review

Abstract

Soybean Mosaic Disease (SMD) is one of the most serious, devastating, and widespread diseases of Glycine max (L.) Merry. caused by Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV). It is more prevalent in low-lying and warm areas of soybean cultivation. SMV is also associated with severe mosaic, epinasty, and premature death of Passiflora spp. By soybean (Glycine max) seed, the transmission of soybean mosaic virus is at very rear chances. The studies and investigations made in the field of resolving the issues of transmission of soybean mosaic virus suggest that infected seed plays a vital role in disease transmission, but still there are no proper investigations to study the roles of several factors that may influence the SMV seed transmission. These are virus classification, virus transmission and establishment, symptoms of damage, electron microscopy, viral morphology, and control, which have been reviewed in this review article from currently available sources.

Infectivity Assays for Soybean and Cowpea Mosaic Viruses and Their Management

“…The NPK control the maximum disease severity 69.23% followed by SA 30.04 %, Onion 8.04% percent, and Milk 6.66% than positive control 100 and negative control zero percent as evaluated respectively. DISCUSSION Agriculture, being a critical region of Pakistan's economy, at once helps the foremost proportion of the population (Phambra et al, 2020;Rehman et al, 2021). The agricultural share in GDP is about 22%.…”

“…Because of the dangerous effect of viral diseases on yield and seed quality of infected crop legumes (Bos et al, 1988), the quantity of virus infection discovered through our This also warrants a reappraisal of the real and ability importance presently assigned to the viral illnesses of soybean and cowpea. The considerable infection of SMV and CPMV in soybean and cowpea growing regions of Punjab, Pakistan offers a measure of economic importance they have already attained (Bashir et al, 2006;Rehman et al, 2021). Moreover, the occurrence of latest seed-borne viruses of each plant are suggested in experimental plots at research stations of Punjab provides an illustration of capability hazard for industrial plants inside the destiny.…”

“…Mottling also happens all through cold climate conditions and the plant will become masked in the course of warm conditions. The localized lesions are also produced at the leaves (Hajimoradet al, 2005;Rehman et al, 2021).Same as Soybean, Cowpea is likewise an critical crop, contributing to the fitness and livelihood of millions of human beings in tropical and sub-tropical countries (Singh and Rachie,1985). Young leaves, immature pods, and dry-saved seeds from the plant function food, specifically for rural households.…”

“…It has been observed that infected leaf blades can become puckered along the veins and curled downward. SMV can cause reduced seed size, reduced pod number per plant and stunting of the plant (Helm et al, 2019;Rehman et al, 2021). CPMV (Cowpea mosaic virus) is a member of the genus Comovirus that includes 13 additional members in the family Comoviridae.…”

Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Aqueous Extract as Potential Ingredients for a Biopesticide: Phytotoxicity in Soybean and Activity against Soybean Mosaic Virus

“…The main source of inoculum is infected seeds. The transmission rates ascribed to seeds (secondary spread) can reach 75% but generally do not exceed 5% [10][11][12][13][14].…”