Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission

Bustamante, Dulce Maria; Lord, Cynthia C.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0323

Cited by 51 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…We have shown that the relationships between infection, dissemination, and transmission vary through the infection cycle and this will affect our understanding of vector competence and perception of natural infections. It is generally accepted that not all virus-infected mosquitoes can transmit (e.g., Rutledge et al 2003, Girard et al 2004, Vanlandingham et al 2004) and studies that focus only on vector infection rates may not provide useful information for understanding epidemiology (Bustamante and Lord 2010). Here, we show that assessing transmission in the laboratory is a complex undertaking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Infection, Dissemination, and Transmission of West Nile Virus RNA inCulex pipiens quinquefasciatus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Richards¹,

Anderson

Lord

et al. 2012

J Med Entomol

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Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say fed blood containing 6.8 ± 0.3 logs (mean ± SE) plaque-forming units of West Nile virus (WNV)/ml were maintained at 28°C for incubation periods (IP) of 7, 14, or 21 d. Several attributes of vector competence were determined at each IP using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to estimate plaque forming unit equivalents including: infection rate (WNV-positive abdomens), dissemination rate (WNV-positive legs or thoraces), combined dissemination rate (WNV-positive legs and thoraces), transmission rate (WNV-positive saliva), and WNV titers in abdomens, legs, thoraces, and saliva. Each rate increased or was equivalent with increasing IP. Mosquitoes transmitting WNV in saliva also had significantly higher IP-dependent WNV titers in abdomens, legs, and thoraces. Titers of WNV in abdomens were significantly correlated with titers in legs and thoraces, but the degree of association changed with IP. However, titers of abdomens, legs, and thoraces were not correlated with WNV presence or titer in the saliva. The results show that WNV presence or titer in the saliva of infected Cx. p. quinquefasciatus was not directly influenced by processes involved in WNV replication in other tissues. The processes controlling midgut infection and escape are, in part, independent from the infection processes in other tissues. The relationship between infection, dissemination, and transmission varied over time. The infection and replication of WNV in different tissues is likely influenced by different barriers encountered during the extrinsic incubation period. The significance of these observations for understanding vector competence is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Infection, Dissemination, and Transmission of West Nile Virus RNA inCulex pipiens quinquefasciatus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Richards¹,

Anderson

Lord

et al. 2012

J Med Entomol

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“…For each sampled town, the minimum infection rate (MIR) for each Anopheles species and for all species together was computed, based on the assumption that each positive pool should contain at least one infected mosquito [28]. Using the number of positive houses (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates

González

Molina

León

et al. 2017

Malar J

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BackgroundMalaria remains a worldwide public health concern and, in Colombia, despite the efforts to stop malaria transmission, the incidence of cases has increased over the last few years. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate vector diversity, infection rates, and spatial distribution, to better understand disease transmission dynamics. This information may contribute to the planning and development of vector control strategies.ResultsA total of 778 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in fifteen localities of Córdoba from August 2015 to October 2016. Six species were identified and overall, Anopheles albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (83%). Other species of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus were collected, including Anopheles triannulatus (13%), Anopheles nuneztovari (1%), Anopheles argyritarsis (< 1%) and two species belonging to the Anopheles subgenus: Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (3%) and Anopheles neomaculipalpus (< 1%). Four species were found naturally infected with two Plasmodium species: Anopheles nuneztovari was detected naturally infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis with Plasmodium vivax, whereas An. albimanus and An. triannulatus were found infected with both parasite species and confirmed by nested PCR.ConclusionsIn general, the obtained results were contrasting with previous studies in terms of the most abundant and widespread collected species, and regarding infection rates, which were higher than those previously reported. A positive relationship between mosquito local abundance at the locality level and human infection at the municipality level was found. Mosquito local abundance and the number of houses with mosquitoes in each village are factors explaining malaria human cases in these villages. The obtained results suggest that other factors related to the apparent variation in malaria eco-epidemiology in northern Colombia, must be identified, to provide health authorities with better decision tools aiming to design control and prevention strategies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2076-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…If the efficiency of the vertical transmission increases, the number of generations of mosquitoes with a significant effect on the transmission of DENV to humans will be greater (Adams and Boots, 2011). It has been suggested that larval cannibalism may maintain the presence of a virus within a population by vertical transmission (Grunnill and Boots, 2016), and here we suggest that more attention should be paid to males because they can also be infected, and they could transmit the infection to uninfected females (Leon, 1978;Rosen, 1978;Bustamante and Lord, 2010;Grunnill and Boots, 2016). Future studies should test the impact of males on vertical and horizontal transmission in laboratory and natural conditions to assess virus propagation and its maintenance in A. aegypti populations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Costs and benefits of vertical and horizontal transmission of Dengue virus

Ruiz‐Guzmán

Ramos-Castañeda

Hernández-Quintero

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Parasites can be transmitted vertically and/or horizontally, but the costs or benefits for the host of infection have only been tested after horizontal transmission. Here, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, the survival, reproduction and infection of Aedes aegypti during vertical and horizontal transmission of dengue virus 2 (DENV-2). Females infected horizontally produced more eggs, with a sex ratio skewed towards males, compared with uninfected controls. However, there was no significant difference in the number of emerging adults or in survival of mothers. In contrast, dengueinfected female offspring (vertical transmission) had a shorter lifespan but there were no significant differences in the number of eggs or sex ratio, compared with controls. Finally, the corroboration of infection revealed that virus infected about 11.5% and 8.8% of pools of mothers and of daughters, respectively. These results suggest that the mode of infection and the contact with the virus has no reproductive costs to female mosquitoes, which may explain why both types of transmission are evolutionarily maintained. In addition, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the male contribution to virus dissemination within and among populations and as reservoirs of the infection for human diseases.

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Sources of Error in the Estimation of Mosquito Infection Rates Used to Assess Risk of Arbovirus Transmission

Cited by 51 publications

References 42 publications

Relationships Between Infection, Dissemination, and Transmission of West Nile Virus RNA inCulex pipiens quinquefasciatus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Relationships Between Infection, Dissemination, and Transmission of West Nile Virus RNA inCulex pipiens quinquefasciatus(Diptera: Culicidae)

Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates

Costs and benefits of vertical and horizontal transmission of Dengue virus

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