Sources of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp.: An omnipresent parasite

Nijsse, Rolf; Overgaauw, Paul; Ploeger, H.W.; Mughini‐Gras, Lapo

doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.010

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Besides, children have a higher direct soil contact in recreation places such as parks and squares, which may be contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs shed by dogs and cats (7,(41)(42)(43) Not surprisingly, one fifth of recreational public areas worldwide were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the frequency of anti- Toxocara antibodies in Middle East was relatively low, a statistical association was found with contact with companion animals. Besides the high temperature with low pluviometry in such region may be responsible for low environmental contamination and reduced seroprevalence ( 4 ), contact with dogs and cats may be limited due to religious reasons and legal restrictions for pet ownership ( 4 , 42 , 58 , 59 ). On the other hand, the high feral, owned, and stray cat populations observed in Middle East countries such as Iran may favor infection risk due to contact with dogs and cats ( 20 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Merigueti

Giuffrida

Silva

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, has been reportedly associated to different risk factors in several epidemiological and meta-analysis studies. However, dog and cat contact (environmental and animal exposure) as isolated associated risk factor for children and adults remains to be fully established. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis has aimed to directly assess dog and cat contact for toxocariasis seropositivity in under-18 and adult persons, using a survey strategy of PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Scielo Databases, from January 2009 to December 2021. A meta-analysis model of random effects was applied to estimate odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by the Cochran Q-Test and I2 values. A total of 41 transversal studies (n = 20.515 individuals) from different geographic regions (classified by the World Health Organization) were included herein. In overall, 1,882/13,496 (13.95%; 95% IC = 13.4–14.5) youngers and 513/7.019 (7.3%; 95% CI = 6.7–7.9) adults in contact with dogs or cats were serologically reagent for anti-Toxocara antibodies. Association of dog and cat contact was observed only in youngers, with both dogs (OR = 1.53; p < 0.0001) and cats (OR = 1.64; p = 0.0001). In addition, association of dog and contact and serology was statistically significant in populations of Americas (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.1–1.7), Middle East (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.6–5.1) and West Pacific (OR = 1.6; 95% IC = 1.3–1.9). In conclusion, contact with dogs and cats, particularly by younger individuals and in regions such as Americas, Middle East, and West Pacific, should be always a public health concern for toxocariasis. Moreover, dogs and cats should be periodically dewormed, washed and hair cleaned prior to contact with youngers. Finally, robust statistical results herein may serve as basis for future strategies and preventive measures for safer dog and cat contact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Merigueti

Giuffrida

Silva

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…eggs, this being the taxon for which the highest sensitivity of SF was found. The large amount of eggs generally produced by nematodes of the superfamily Ascaridoidea ( 35 ) may enhance the probability of detecting the eggs at copromicroscopy. Actually, both MF and SF methods provided false-negative results when exclusively larvae or immature specimens of Anisakis sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Mini-FLOTAC With Traditional Coprological Techniques in the Analysis of Cetacean Fecal Samples

et al. 2022

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Free-ranging cetaceans are considered sentinels for the marine ecosystem's health. New and non-invasive methods have been set up for the collection of fecal samples from free-ranging big whales at sea, permitting to gain an excellent epidemiological picture of parasitic infections in wild populations. To select the best protocol to be used for copromicroscopic examination in cetaceans stool samples, we evaluated the sensitivity of two commonly used techniques, i.e., a sedimentation-floatation method and the Mini-FLOTAC through validation by helminth isolation from the digestive tract. For this aim, gastrointestinal content and fecal samples were collected during necropsy from 44 cetaceans, including bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris), pilot whale (Globicephala melas), and fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Helminths were recovered through washing and filtering of the gastrointestinal contents and morphologically identified. Copromicroscopic examinations were performed on formalin-preserved fecal samples, using a sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulphate, and sucrose solution (s.g. = 1.450) for both methods. Helminths belonging to 9 taxa (i.e., the trematodes Synthesium tursionis, Synthesium delamurei, Campula palliata, Braunina cordiformis, Pholeter gastrophilus, the nematode Anisakis sp., cestodes of the family Tetrabothriidae and the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma sp.) were isolated. Eggs referable to the same taxa, with the exception of cestodes, were found in copromicroscopic analyses. Sensitivity of the Mini-FLOTAC method appeared higher or equal for all taxa, proving superior to the sedimentation-flotation method for the detection of all except Anisakis sp. The concordance of the two tests indeed revealed a moderate to perfect agreement (kappa values 0.42–1). Not excluding the limitations inherent to the techniques themselves, explanations for false-negative results at copromicroscopy could be linked to parasite-related factors, including prepatent infections, low parasitic burdens, or intermittent egg shedding. Notwithstanding these limitations, this study evidenced that the Mini-FLOTAC protocol approximates more accurately the composition of the gastrointestinal helminthic community of cetaceans from copromicroscopic examination, providing at the same time a quantitative estimation.

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“…Son muy pocos los estudios previos que se han centrado en la investigación de la sensibilidad de las técnicas coprodiagnósticas que se utilizan como pruebas rutinarias para la detección de parásitos gastrointestinales en su fase embrionaria (huevos), evaluando concentraciones conocidas (gold standard) de huevos de T. canis, nematodos que afectan con mayor frecuencia a perros, y donde los huevos embrionados de T. canis en el ambiente se consideran como la fuente más importante de toxocariasis humana (Nijsse et al, 2020). Por ello, el presente estudio es un aporte importante en determinar la sensibilidad de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para la detección cuantitativa de huevos de T. canis en heces de caninos, ofreciendo así un método diagnóstico rápido y eficiente en la práctica médica veterinaria.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Evaluación de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para Toxocara canis

Camacho

Infante

Tocasuche

et al. 2021

Rev. investig. vet. Perú

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El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sensibilidad de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para determinar cuantitativamente la presencia de huevos de Toxocara canis en muestras de heces frescas de caninos. Para ello, se extrajeron huevos del útero de hembras adultas de T. canis obtenidas de cachorros caninos. Se utilizaron ocho concentraciones de huevos (10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750 y 1 000 huevos por gramo de materia fecal – hpg), siendo considerados como el gold standard para determinar el grado de precisión de las técnicas Kato-Katz, McMaster, McMaster modificado mejorado y Faust. Se utilizaron tres repeticiones por técnica y por concentración. La sensibilidad de cada prueba se realizó mediante el cálculo aritmético y curva ROC (IC95%), comparándolas con el gold standard mediante una prueba no paramétrica de los rangos con signo de Wilcoxon (p<0.05). La técnica Faust detectó huevos de T. canis sin importar la concentración, pero en desigualdad estadística con el gold standard (p<0.001 a p<0.0001). La técnica Kato-Katz no presentó diferencias significativas con el gold standard, pero no detectó la presencia de huevos de T. canis en 10 y 50 hpg, mientras que la técnica McMaster modificado mejorado presentó similitud con el gold estandar en 100 y 250 hpg. El método de McMaster detectó huevos a partir de 100 hpg, obteniendo valores de hpg por debajo del gold standard (p<0.05 y p<0.001). Se obtuvieron sensibilidades de 74.72% (IC95% 72.93-80.22) para la técnica de Kato-Katz y entre 30 y 40% (IC95% 26.71-48.29) para las demás pruebas. Se concluye que la técnica Kato-Katz obtuvo un mejor desempeño en sensibilidad diagnóstica cuantitativa constante al comprarse con técnicas cotidianas cuantitativas de diagnóstico coprológico en laboratorios veterinarios para huevos de T. canis en muestras de heces frescas de canes.

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Sources of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp.: An omnipresent parasite

Cited by 12 publications

References 131 publications

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A Comparative Study of Mini-FLOTAC With Traditional Coprological Techniques in the Analysis of Cetacean Fecal Samples

Evaluación de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para Toxocara canis

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