Sources of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Applicable for Musculoskeletal Applications - A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were first discovered by Friedenstein and his colleagues in 1976 from bone marrow. The unique property of these cells was their potential to develop into fibroblastic colony forming cells. Since Friedenstein’s discovery of these cells the interest in adult MSCs has been progressively growing. Nowadays MSCs are defined as undeveloped biological cells capable of proliferation, self renewal and regenerating tissues. All these properties of MSCs have been discovered in the past 35 years. MSCs can play a crucial role in tissue engineering, organogenesis, gene therapy, transplants as well as tissue injuries. These cells were mainly extracted from bone marrow but there have been additional sources for MSCs discovered in the laboratories including: muscle, dermis, trabecular bone, adipose tissue, periosteum, pericyte, blood, synovial membrane and so forth. The discovery of the alternative sources of MSCs helps widen the application of these cells in different areas of medicine. By way of illustration, they can be used in various therapeutic purposes such as tissue regeneration and repair in musculoskeletal diseases including osteonecrosis of femoral head, stimulating growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, disc regeneration, osteoarthritis and duchenne muscular dystrophy. In order to fully comprehend the characteristics and potential of MSCs future studies in this field are essential.

NF-κB Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotide Enhanced Osteogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exposed to Polyethylene Particle

“…-) in the MSCs were consistent with previous reports, 12,13 while decoy ODN and scrambled ODN had no significant effects on surface marker expression ( Supplementary Fig. S1b).…”

Surgical methods of focal hyaline cartilage defect management in large joints (literature review)

“…Не-которые авторы считают, что мезенхимальные ство-ловые клетки являются хорошей альтернативой ACI и AMIC [38,42]. Клетки выделяют из костного мозга, синовиальных оболочек, периоста, жировой ткани и под воздействием различных факторов направляют их дальнейшую дифференциацию в сторону хондрогенеза [43,44]. В экспериментальных исследованиях на жи-вотных и клинических наблюдениях доказан высокий потенциал этих клеток в концепции хондрогенеза [45].…”

“…В экспериментальных исследованиях на жи-вотных и клинических наблюдениях доказан высокий потенциал этих клеток в концепции хондрогенеза [45]. MSC вводятся в сустав при наличии дефекта хряща на какой-либо матрице либо в виде инъекций при дегене-ративном заболевании [44,46]. По данным некоторых авторов, внутрисуставное введение мезенхимальных стволовых клеток при гонартрозе позволяет добиться хороших пролонгированных клинических результатов в сроки от 12 до 27 месяцев [47].…”

Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders

“…In addition to their differentiation potential and the migratory properties that enable tissue replacement (Mafi et al 2011, Quevedo et al 2009 (Chan andLam 2013, Chen et al 2008). Some conditions that lead to tissue damage, such as pro-inflammatory or hypoxic stimuli and exposure to apoptotic factors, increase the secretion of specific factors by MSCs, which act on angiogenesis, neurogenesis and regulate neural niche environment, mediating protection and repair processes (Chen et al 2003, 2002, Rosova et al 2008.…”