Sources, Fate and Effects of Contaminant Emissions in Urban Areas

Hodge, Erin M.; Diamond, Miriam L.

doi:10.1002/9780470684122.ch6

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 179 publications

(211 reference statements)

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“…Water, as a mobile medium, was assumed to have an input at a concentration of zero, thus the modeled concentrations represent net increase above urban background. Although there is substantial uncertainty in estimates of total emissions, the result that 57-85% of ΣPBDE originate from within Toronto (rather than advection from regional inputs) is consistent with the congregation of likely residential and small industrial emission sources within the city (50). The range of emissions derived for BDE-47 and -99 for Toronto corresponds to ∼19-82 mg capita -1 year -1 in the modeled area, which are ∼3-12 times greater than the 7.0 mg capita -1 year -1 for Swedish citizens estimated by Palm (51) based on a substance flow analysis for Denmark.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs

Jones-Otazo

Clarke

Diamond

et al. 2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

585

357

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Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some "high accumulation" individuals have burdens up to 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of sigma PBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to sigma PBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57-85% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than "average" for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs

Jones-Otazo

Clarke

Diamond

et al. 2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

585

357

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…At a regional scale, urban areas are generally regarded as major sources of POPs to the neighboring rural areas 6 , and also urban areas are relatively small compared with the rural area, so atmospheric emission from urban areas could be generalized as point source emission in a large area. Some studies showed that similar atmospheric concentration gradients from urban to rural areas, e.g., ratios of urban-rural air concentrations 30 , urban-rural air comparisons 33 , and simulation results of spatiallydistributed POPs concentrations in air 4,6 . Melymuk et al 10…”

Section: Theoretical Derivation Of Urban-rural Gradient Model In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Urban-rural gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at a regional scale: Quantification and prediction

Shi

Lü

Wang

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental Management

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Quantitative study of urban-rural gradients for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) concentrations is extremely important for understanding POPs behavior and for ecological risk assessment and management. However, little has been studied about quantitative calculation for soil concentrations of POPs from urban to rural areas. In this paper, 153 soil samples were collected in the coastal region of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, and the distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances were examined. Urbanrural gradient model (URGM) was derived by using atmospheric point source diffusion model combined with fugacity model to prove potential mathematical relationships among urban and rural soils, and the URGM was proved suitable for simulating urbanrural soil concentrations through validation of measured data. Significantly linear correlation was found between POPs amount in surface soil and city population, between POP concentrations and the artificial surface area. Urban-rural POPs concentrations were simulated by URGM model, and calibrated by urban population and land-cover data. The results showed that it was suitable for simulating urban-rural POPs concentrations at a regional scale. This study could provide a new method for quantifying urban-rural gradients for POPs concentrations, and promote quantitative research on coupling between land cover, socioeconomic data and POPs concentrations.

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Sources, Fate and Effects of Contaminant Emissions in Urban Areas

Cited by 2 publications

References 179 publications

Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs

Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs

Urban-rural gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at a regional scale: Quantification and prediction

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