Sources and Transport of Urban and Biomass Burning Aerosol Black Carbon at the South–West Atlantic Coast

Abstract

The total extent of the atmospheric impacts associated to the aerosol black carbon (BC) emissions from South America is not completed described. This work presents results of BC monitored during three scientific expeditions (2002, 2003 and 2004) on board of a Brazilian oceanographic vessel Ary Rongel that covered the South-West Atlantic coast between 22-62°S. This latitudinal band encloses major urban regions of South America and the outflow region of the SACZ (South Atlantic Convergent Zone), which is an important mechanism of advective transport of heat, moisture, minor gases and aerosols from the South America continental land to the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Our results showed that aerosol BC enhanced concentrations from urban/industrial origin can be transported to the South-West Atlantic Ocean due to the migration of sub-polar fronts that frequently reach tropical/subtropical regions. Despite the decrease of aerosol BC concentrations southwards (from ∼1,200 ng m −3 at latitude 22°S to ∼10 ng m −3 at latitude 62°S), several observed peak events were attributed to regional urban activities. Most of such events could be explained by the use of air mass back trajectories analysis. In addition, a global model simulation is presented (Goddard Institute for Space Studies -GISS GCM BC simulation) to explore the origins of aerosol BC in the South-West Atlantic. The model allowed isolating the biomass emissions from South America and Africa and industrial (nonbiomass) pollution from other regions of the globe. This model suggests that the apportionment of about half of the aerosol BC at the South-West Atlantic may derive from South American biomass burning.

Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models

“…It is also likely that anthropogenic emissions are underestimated, especially in South America (e.g. Evangelista et al, 2007). The rest-of-world bias is quite low for the column quantities; however the retrievals tend to have greater difficulty for small aerosol optical depth conditions (e.g.…”

Overview of fire foci causes and locations in Brazil based on meteorological satellite data from 1998 to 2011

“…The knowledge of the basic characteristics of fuels aids risk estimation and the prediction of fire behavior (Chuviesco and Congalton 1989). Therefore, characterization of forest fuels and their association with hotspots can increase detection efficiency for forest fires, especially in Brazil (Evangelista et al 2007). …”

“…However, there are also well-known fire risk indexes (FRIs) that assist in the prediction and probability of fires. The FRI is a statistical tool that infers the probability of fire occurrence, based on daily or timely meteorological conditions (Evangelista et al 2007;Bontempo et al 2011). The FRIs are divided into rates of occurrence (indicating fire likelihood) and indexes of propagation (indicating trend behavior of fires).…”

A study of aerosol pollution episode due to agriculture biomass burning in the east-central China using satellite data

“…Black carbon aerosols over the south-western part of the Atlantic Ocean are mostly due to the biomass burning in South America (Freitas et al, 2005;Evangelista et al, 2007). ABB is known to emit lots of aerosols, especially BBA and gaseous particles (Xue et al, 2012).…”