Sources and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dalian, China: Factor analysis with non-negative constraints combined with local source fingerprints

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 at a coal-based industrial city: Implication for PAH control at industrial agglomeration regions, China

“…Tian et al, 2009). The results obtained with PCA for both PM 2.5 and PM 10 reinforce the ones obtained from ratio analysis.…”

“…Factor 1 including Pyr, BaA, Chr, DBA, InP and Cor accounts for 56.69% of the variance. Pyr and BaA are always regarded as tracers for coal combustion (Khalili et al, 1995;Ravindra et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2008;Tian et al, 2009) and InP is one of the tracers for gasoline vehicles (Khalili et al, 1995;Ravindra et al, 2006). Based on all these studies, it is not possible to associate this factor with one or two sources but to a mixture of sources that are not well defined (Bourotte et al, 2005).…”

Tracer-based source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Guangzhou, southern China, using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

“…However, it was reported that in winter, PAH outflows reaching North Asian counties were mainly from North China Plain and northeast China, whereas Southeast China including Guangdong province was the major contributor to the PAH outflow reaching the South China Sea and Southeast Asia (Lang et al 2007(Lang et al , 2008. Indeed, many studies using PAH ratios and/or factor analysis identified that CC for residential heating was the major source of PAHs in cities in northern China (Okuda et al 2006(Okuda et al , 2010Tian et al 2009;Li et al 2011;Ma et al 2011). With the help of the PCA-MLR technique, Ma et al (2011) found that pyrogenic sources (including CC for residential heating), coke oven, and unidentified sources contributed 44, 39, and 17 %, respectively, to the total PAHs in winter Beijing.…”

“…With the help of the PCA-MLR technique, Ma et al (2011) found that pyrogenic sources (including CC for residential heating), coke oven, and unidentified sources contributed 44, 39, and 17 %, respectively, to the total PAHs in winter Beijing. By using factor analysis with nonnegative constraints, Tian et al (2009) indentified that coal-fired boiler emission (56 %), CC for residential heating (33 %), and VE (11 %) were the main sources of PAHs in winter Dalian. Okuda et al (2010) concluded that CC for residential heating, oil combustion, gasoline VE, BB, waste incineration, and others contributed 26, 22, 19, 13, 13, and 6 %, respectively, to the total PAHs in winter Xi'an.…”

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over the East China Sea: The impact of the East Asian continental outflow

“…The back-trajectories during the episode traced back to northern China (Fig. 2) where coal and biomass burning were commonly used for indoor heating in winter (Tian et al, 2009). Furthermore, ambient temperatures were extremely low in northern China (http://www.tianqihoubao.com/weather/city.aspx) and Huaniao Island during this episode.…”