Sources and environmental behaviors of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds — A review

Abstract

Although Dechlorane Plus (DP) has been used as a polychlorinated flame retardant for almost half a century, its detection in the environment was not reported until 2006. The subsequent intensive research has confirmed its global ubiquity. A few reviews have presented the properties, analytical methods and environmental occurrence of DP and related compounds in the past several years. The present review emphasizes on the environmental behavior of DP isomers which is assessed by the variation of the isomer ratio of DP in various matrices. Other aspects including the analytical methods, emission sources, general environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation of DP are also summarized. In this review, three typical emission sources in the environment are categorized after introducing the measurement method of DP. The temporal-spatial distribution is then evaluated at the global scale, which provides an integrated representation of the environmental occurrence of DP and potential impact on the human health and ecosystems. The variations of DP isomer ratio in various matrices reinforce its source related distribution and their stereoselective bioaccumulation. Thereafter, DP related compounds and dechlorinated analogs are briefly summarized in regards to their occurrence in various matrices, suggesting their ubiquity in the environment and bioavailability. Further studies are required to better assess the exposures and toxicological effects of DP and its analogs. A special concern is the serious contamination in e-waste recycling areas in developing countries, where long-term monitoring data on the association of DP exposure and adverse effects to human health and ecosystems is urgently needed.

Occurrence of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in catfish (Silurus spp.) from rivers in France

“…The procedure for sample extraction was adapted from those present in the literature (Wang et al, 2016) with minor modifications ( Figure 2). Four grams of lyophilised fish muscle were extracted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) with diatomaceous earth (Büchi, SpeedExtractor, E-914) at 100 bar and 120 °C (3 cycles) with approximately 120 mL of a mixture of toluene/acetone 7:…”

“…Environment Canada also listed DP on Canada's Domestic Substances List (Sverko et al, 2008). The annual production was estimated to be 450-4500 tons in the USA between 1986and 2006and 300-1000tons in China between 2003and 2005(Wang et al, 2016. Due to its high hydrophobicity (log K ow = 9.3), DP presents a high tendency to adsorb onto organic materials and exhibits a long half-life in the aquatic environment (Hoh et al, 2006).…”

“…Due to its high hydrophobicity (log K ow = 9.3), DP presents a high tendency to adsorb onto organic materials and exhibits a long half-life in the aquatic environment (Hoh et al, 2006). It is also considered chemically stable in various environmental compartments (Wang et al, 2016). From the application perspective, DP is advantageous over brominated-based flame retardants owing to its thermal and photochemical stabilities, lower density and lower production cost (Feo et al, 2012).…”

“…The original publication is available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653518309500 doi : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.101 (Sales et al, 2017). Other authors implemented electron ionisation coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for DP identification and quantification (Wang et al, 2016) to take advantage of the mass defect induced by chlorine atoms.…”

Measurement of emerging dechloranes in human serum using modulated gas chromatography coupled to electron capture negative ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

“…Dechlorane Plus (DP, C 18 H 12 Cl 12 ), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602, C 14 H 4 Cl 12 O), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603, C 17 H 8 Cl 12 ), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604, C 13 H 4 Br 4 Cl 6 ), and Chlordene Plus (CP, C 15 H 6 Cl 12 ) are norbornene derivative flame retardants that have quite recently been reported in the environment . The currently available information about the sources and environmental behaviors of Dechloranes has recently been reviewed . These compounds exhibit a bicyclo[2,2,1] heptene halogenated structure, resulting from a Diels‐Alder reaction of one or two hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) molecules with various cyclic dienophiles.…”