Source Material of a Winter Wheat for a Stress-Resistant Varieties Selection

Abstract

The paper presents the results of the 50-year-long research in to the winter wheat genepool from the VIR world collection in Moscow Region to assess biotic stress resistance following N.I. Vavilov’s concept of ‘ideal variety’ proposed in 1935. Federal Scientific Selection and Technology Center for Horticulture and Nursery was responsible for the field studies of winter wheat, and the All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology and Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy – for phytopathological studies. The wheat collection was studied in compliance with the VIR Methodological Guidelines using the International COMECON list of descriptors for the genus Triticum L. Resistance against enzyme-mycotic exhaustion of seeds (EMIS) was tested using original techniques. It was found that annual brown rust and powdery milde wattacks in the collection’s winter wheat samples caused no significant economic damage. Two cases of Septoria head and leaf blotch, two cases of Fusarium head blight, one case of root rot, one case of barley yellow dwarf virus, 20 cases of EMIS, and three cases of 3rd-degree EMIS, i.e. seed germination in an ear, were recorded. The parent material resistant to the biotic stresses of the region was selected for breeding. Despite the difficulties in combining all the best qualities in one wheat variety in their maximum expression, domestic breeders have created outstanding wheat varieties close to the "ideal" noted by N.I. Vavilov.

Evaluation of Wheat Resistance to Snow Mold Caused by Microdochium nivale (Fr) Samuels and I.C. Hallett under Abiotic Stress Influence in the Central Non-Black Earth Region of Russia

“…The reference cultivars Mironovskaya 808 (k-43920, Ukraine) and, in some years, Polukarlik 3 (k-54508, Ukraine), and te Moscow cultivars, such as Zarya (k-49916), Nemchinovskaya 52 (k-59269), Moskovskaya 39 (k-64160), were planted with intervals of 10 and 50 samples, respectively. The wheat collection was studied in compliance with the VIR Methodical guidelines [ 40 ] and the International COMECON list of descriptions for genus Triticum L. [ 41 ].…”

The Evaluation of Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in the Central Non-Black Region of Russia: Study of the Gene Pool Resistance of Wheat from the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) World Collection to Abiotic Stress Factors

“…The reference cultivars Mironovskaya 808 (k-43920, Ukraine) and in some years Polukarlik 3 (k-54508, Ukraine) and Moscow cultivars, such as Zarya (k-49916), Nemchinovskaya 52 (k-59269), Moskovskaya 39 (k-64160), etc., were planted with intervals of 10 and 50 samples, respectively. The wheat collection was studied in compliance with the VIR Methodical guidelines [17][18][19][20] and the International COMECON list of descriptions for genus Triticum L. [21].…”

The Biological Traumatization of Crops Due to the Enzyme Stage of Enzyme-Mycotic Seed Depletion

“…When the hydrolytic enzymes of the plant and phytopathogens work together, losses increase, and the sowing, technological and commercial qualities of the grain considerably decreases. The last stage is a special form of the enzyme-mycotic depletion of seeds, which includes the less frequently observed phenomenon in which grain germination during the peak of EMSD-related harvest losses can reach up 30–50% in some years, and the depletion significantly worsens the quality of the grain [ 16 , 17 ]. The 30-year research into EMSD etiology and pathogenesis in wheat, rye, triticale, oat and barley carried out in the former Moscow Department of N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), which is currently the Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, demonstrated a variety of traumas and their consequences on grains grain, long before harvesting (while blooming and in standing crops) and in windrows [ 18 ].…”