Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide

Fisher, Jenny A.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Purdy, M. T.; Kopacz, M.; Sager, Philippe Le; Carouge, C.; Holmes, Christopher D.; Yantosca, Robert M.; Batchelor, R. L.; Strong, Kimberly; Diskin, G. S.; Fuelberg, Henry E.; Holloway, J. S.; Hyer, E. J.; McMillan, W. W.; Warner, J. X.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Wu, Shi-Liang

doi:10.5194/acp-10-977-2010

Cited by 197 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Arrows in (c) indicate features discussed in the text. Numerous previous studies have released emissions between the surface and the top of the planetary boundary layer (e.g., Fisher et al, 2010;Leung et al, 2007;Hyer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a potential low bias in the data over northern latitudes and the sensor's weak sensitivity in the surface layers may prevent accurate measurement in some regions (J. Warner, personal communication, 2010;Fisher et al, 2010), general CO patterns still can be deduced. A large CO plume is located over Russia and China on 28 June with extensions over the Pacific Ocean (Fig.…”

Section: Airs -Derived Observed Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An investigation of methods for injecting emissions from boreal wildfires using WRF-Chem during ARCTAS

et al. 2011

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One of the most important aspects of simulating wildfire plume transport is the height at which emissions are injected. WRF-Chem contains an integrated one-dimensional plume rise model to determine the appropriate injection layer. The plume rise model accounts for thermal buoyancy associated with fires and local atmospheric stability. This paper describes a case study of a 10 day period during the Spring phase of ARCTAS. It compares results from the plume model against those of two more traditional injection methods: Injecting within the planetary boundary layer, and in a layer 3-5 km above ground level. Fire locations are satellite derived from the GOES Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF ABBA) and the MODIS thermal hotspot detection. Two methods for preprocessing these fire data are compared: The prep chem sources method included with WRF-Chem, and the Naval Research Laboratory's Fire Locating and Monitoring of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE). Results from the simulations are compared with satellitederived products from the AIRS, MISR and CALIOP sensors.Correspondence to: H. E. Fuelberg (hfuelberg@fsu.edu) When FLAMBE provides input to the 1-D plume rise model, the resulting injection heights exhibit the best agreement with satellite-observed injection heights. The FLAMBE-derived heights are more realistic than those utilizing prep chem sources. Conversely, when the planetary boundary layer or the 3-5 km a.g.l. layer were filled with emissions, the resulting injection heights exhibit less agreement with observed plume heights. Results indicate that differences in injection heights produce different transport pathways. These differences are especially pronounced in area of strong vertical wind shear and when the integration period is long.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Airs -Derived Observed Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of methods for injecting emissions from boreal wildfires using WRF-Chem during ARCTAS

et al. 2011

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“…The model is described in detail in Mao et al (2010), while model emissions are documented in Fisher et al (2010).…”

Section: Geos-chem Modeling and Sensitivity Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations

et al. 2010

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Abstract. We determine enhancement ratios for NO x , PAN, and other NO y species from boreal biomass burning using aircraft data obtained during the ARCTAS-B campaign and examine the impact of these emissions on tropospheric ozone in the Arctic. We find an initial emission factor for NO x of 1.06 g NO per kg dry matter (DM) burned, much lower than previous observations of boreal plumes, and also one third the value recommended for extratropical fires. Our analysis provides the first observational confirmation of rapid PAN formation in a boreal smoke plume, with 40% of the initial NO x emissions being converted to PAN in the first few hours after emission. We find little clear evidence for ozone formation in the boreal smoke plumes during ARCTAS-B in either aircraft or satellite observations, or in model simulations. Only a third of the smoke plumes observed by the NASA Correspondence to: M. J. Alvarado (matthew.alvarado@aer.com) DC8 showed a correlation between ozone and CO, and ozone was depleted in the plumes as often as it was enhanced. Special observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) also show little evidence for enhanced ozone in boreal smoke plumes between 15 June and 15 July 2008. Of the 22 plumes observed by TES, only 4 showed ozone increasing within the smoke plumes, and even in those cases it was unclear that the increase was caused by fire emissions. Using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry model, we show that boreal fires during ARCTAS-B had little impact on the median ozone profile measured over Canada, and had little impact on ozone within the smoke plumes observed by TES.

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“…The spring campaign was conducted in parallel with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Aerosol Radiation and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) campaign (Brock et al, 2011). During these springtime campaigns, several dense biomass burning plumes from agricultural and forest fires in Russia were sampled over the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic (Warneke et al, 2009;Fisher et al, 2010). Source attribution studies have determined that fossil-fuel burning in East Asia was the dominant source of pollution during ARCTAS-A, representing roughly 40 % of Arctic CO at all altitudes Bian et al, 2013), although European and Russian sources also contributed significantly at low altitudes (30 %).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Arctic aerosols observed by the CALIOP satellite instrument (2006–2012)

et al. 2013

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We use retrievals of aerosol extinction from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard the CALIPSO satellite to examine the vertical, horizontal and temporal variability of tropospheric Arctic aerosols during the period 2006–2012. We develop an empirical method that takes into account the difference in sensitivity between daytime and nighttime retrievals over the Arctic. Comparisons of the retrieved aerosol extinction to in situ measurements at Barrow (Alaska) and Alert (Canada) show that CALIOP reproduces the observed seasonal cycle and magnitude of surface aerosols to within 25 %. In the free troposphere, we find that daytime CALIOP retrievals will only detect the strongest aerosol haze events, as demonstrated by a comparison to aircraft measurements obtained during NASA's ARCTAS mission during April 2008. This leads to a systematic underestimate of the column aerosol optical depth by a factor of 2–10. However, when the CALIOP sensitivity threshold is applied to aircraft observations, we find that CALIOP reproduces in situ observations to within 20% and captures the vertical profile of extinction over the Alaskan Arctic. Comparisons with the ground-based high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) at Eureka, Canada, show that CALIOP and HSRL capture the evolution of the aerosol backscatter vertical distribution from winter to spring, but a quantitative comparison is inconclusive as the retrieved HSRL backscatter appears to overestimate in situ observations by a factor of 2 at all altitudes. In the High Arctic (>70° N) near the surface (<2 km), CALIOP aerosol extinctions reach a maximum in December–March (10–20 Mm⁻¹), followed by a sharp decline and a minimum in May–September (1–4 Mm⁻¹), thus providing the first pan-Arctic view of Arctic haze seasonality. The European and Asian Arctic sectors display the highest wintertime extinctions, while the Atlantic sector is the cleanest. Over the Low Arctic (60–70° N) near the surface, CALIOP extinctions reach a maximum over land in summer due to boreal forest fires. During summer, we find that smoke aerosols reach higher altitudes (up to 4 km) over eastern Siberia and North America than over northern Eurasia, where they remain mostly confined below 2 km. In the free troposphere, the extinction maximum over the Arctic occurs in March–April at 2–5 km altitude and April–May at 5–8 km. This is consistent with transport from the midlatitudes associated with the annual maximum in cyclonic activity and blocking patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. A strong gradient in aerosol extinction is observed between 60° N and 70° N in the summer. This is likely due to efficient stratocumulus wet scavenging at high latitudes combined with the poleward retreat of the polar front. Interannual variability in the middle and upper troposphere is associated with biomass burning events (high extinctions observed by CALIOP in spring 2008 and summer 2010) and volcanic eruptions (Kasatochi in August 2008 and Sarychev in June 2009). CALIOP displays below-a...

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Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide

Abstract: Abstract. We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in

Cited by 197 publications

References 86 publications

An investigation of methods for injecting emissions from boreal wildfires using WRF-Chem during ARCTAS

An investigation of methods for injecting emissions from boreal wildfires using WRF-Chem during ARCTAS

Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Arctic aerosols observed by the CALIOP satellite instrument (2006–2012)

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