Source and identity of compounds in a thermomechanical pulp mill effluent inducing hepatic mixed‐function oxygenase activity in fish

Abstract

Abstract-The source and identity of two mixed-function oxygenase (MFO)-inducing substances present in the primary-treated effluent of a thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mill producing newsprint was determined. The source was pinpointed by exposing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various process effluents sampled throughout the mill. Exposure concentrations were based on the flow of these process streams in relation to the final effluent flow. Contaminated TMP steam condensates were identified as the major process source of MFO-inducing substances. Using conventional extraction and fractionation procedures, an MFOinducing fraction was isolated. The major gas chromatographic peaks in this fraction were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as juvabione, dehydrojuvabione, and manool, all naturally occurring extractives in balsam fix (Abies balsamea). These substances were extracted and isolated from balsam fir and TMP condensates. Trout exposed to juvabione and dehydrojuvabione responded by exhibiting significant hepatic MFO inductions. No MFO induction was observed for manool. Secondary treatment in an activated sludge system effectively eliminated the MFO-inducing potential of the combined mill effluent consistent with a corresponding 90% reduction of both juvabione and dehydrojuvabione.

Pulp and paper mill effluent treatments have differential endocrine‐disrupting effects on rainbow trout

“…Similar responses were found in rainbow trout exposed to condensates extracted from termomechanical pulp mill effluents [24], related to the compounds being natural extractives of wood (e.g., juvavione and dehydrojuvavione) that are easily eliminated by secondary treatment. Fish injected with untreated and primary treated effluent extract showed induction of EROD activity after 7 d, similar to results observed for steroid-injected (ADD, E2, and TE) and phytosterol-injected (BS and S2) fish, while no induction was observed for secondary treated effluent-injected fish (ME3) or any of the controls (TZ, CO, EC, and ST).…”

Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

“…Thus, although EROD induction is nontoxic effect, it is a commonly used surrogate measure for the identification of hazardous aromatic compounds by EDA applying chick embryos [50,51,52,53], fish [121,122,123], the rat liver cell line H4IIE [90] and the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 [31,86,124]. With respect to rapidity, reproducibility, the ease of handling and low sample volume consumption for EDA, cell line-based test systems appear to be ideal biological detectors.…”

“…An attempt to identify the cause for EROD induction in fish by bleached kraft mill effluents by applying RP-HPLC yielded evidence for a responsible toxicant with a logK OW of 4.6-5.1 [121]. Martel et al [122] isolated juvabione and dehydrojuvabione, both natural extractives of wood, as major EROD inducers in a thermomechanical pulp mill effluent.…”

Wirkungsorientierte Analytik komplexer Mischungen Erfahrungen aus der Umwelt- und Ökotoxikologie für die Lebensmitteluntersuchung

“…Die Ah-Rezeptor-vermittelte Wirkung verschiedener Sedimentextrakte konnte konkreten Kongeneren von polychlorierten Dibenzo-p-dioxinen, -furanen (PCDD/F) und -biphenylen (PCB) (Gale et al, 2000;Brack et al, 2002) sowie verschiedenen PAK-Isomeren zugeordnet werden (Gale et al, 2000). Darüber hinaus gelang die Identifizierung bis dahin unbekannter Schadstoffe mit Ah-Rezeptor-vermittelter Wirkung wie Juviabon und Dehydrojuviabon (Martel et al, 1997), Dinaphthofurane und Naphthalenylbenzothiophen (Brack und Schirmer, 2003). Große Bedeutung erlangte in den letzten Jahren auch die Identifizierung von estrogen wirksamen Substanzen in aquatischen Ökosystemen, wobei insbesondere natürliche (17β-Estradiol, Estron) und synthetische (17α-Ethinylestradiol) Estrogene als Ursache für beispielsweise die Verweiblichung von Fischen identifiziert wurden, während Xenobiotika wie Nonylphenol oder Phthalate nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielten (Thomas et al, 2001;Snyder et al, 2001;Desbrow et al, 1998).…”