Sorting action of tines and tine-like tools in the field

Kouwenhoven, J.K.; Terpstra, R.A.

doi:10.1016/0021-8634(79)90064-7

Cited by 41 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The sizes of objects recovered from the surface can fluctuate substantially if the duration of tillage is not long (Kouwenhoven and Terpstra 1979;Lewarch and O'Brien 1981:12). Trubowitz's study of four collections from a site in New York state provided at least partial illustration of this point.…”

Section: Artifact Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Tillage Effects on Artifact Distributions

Odell

Cowan

1987

Am. antiq.

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Although behavioralists who deal with plow zone sites have a need to discriminate between cultural and non-cultural effects on artifact distributions, relatively little is known about the influences of agricultural equipment. A series of experiments was conducted to answer questions concerning the parameters of recovery, lateral artifact displacement, spatial patterning, duration of tillage, and the effects of tillage patterning. Results indicate an average recovery rate of 5-6 percent; support for the "size effect"; relatively constant recovery of small and large pieces; dominant displacement in the direction of plowing; lack of relationship between displacement and artifact size; basically random distribution of objects; and possible spurious clustering, depending upon the analytical methods employed.

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Section: Artifact Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Tillage Effects on Artifact Distributions

Odell

Cowan

1987

Am. antiq.

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“…According to Kouwenhoven & Terpstra (1979), the soil aggregates receive enough kinetic energy to be thrown to one side by the harrow tine at a driving speed of about 1 m/s or more. The importance of driving speed on the effect of weed harrowing has been studied by Kraus (1948) and Neururer (1977), who showed that driving speed was very important and greatly influenced the results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed Harrowing—the Influence of Driving Speed and Driving Direction on Degree of Soil Covering and the Growth of Weed and Crop Plants

Rydberg

1994

Biological Agriculture & Horticulture

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The effect of weed harrowing direction and driving speed (5, 9 and 13 km/hour) was studied in field experiments in Sweden for three years. Weed harrowing was performed when the test crop (Avena sativa) had developed 3-4 leaves. Effects were studied on both weeds and crop. Special attention was given to the degree of soil cover on the oat plants as a measurement of the intensity of the weed harrowing. Harrowing across the plant rows gave a higher degree of soil covering than weed harrowing along the rows. Increased driving speed caused more soil to cover the oat plants. Grain yield was significantly affected at higher driving speed in two of the three years. Driving direction did not significantly influence grain yield. The reduction of both the number and weight of the weeds was found to be dependent on driving speed, and most of the weed reduction was obtained at 5 km/hour. Harrowing direction did not significantly affect the weeds. The degree to which the crop was covered with soil does not seem to be a good quantitative parameter for measuring the intensity of the weed-harrowing when comparing different driving directions.

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“…For example, Habel (1954), Kees (1962) and Koch (1964a) observed more visible uprooting at later weed growth stages. This may be caused by better recognition of larger plants, or by the sorting effect of harrow tines ( Kouwenhoven & Terpstra, 1979), increasing the proportion of the uprooted plants being visible. Similarly, the smaller amount of uprooting on loose soil observed by Habel (1954) and Kees (1962) could be due to the improved covering effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective uprooting by weed harrowing on sandy soils

2000

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Uprooting by weed harrowing and the potential of the uprooting process for selective weed control at early crop growth stages was studied. Eects of working depth, seed depth, soil moisture content and working speed on uprooting of Lolium perenne L., Lepidium sativum L. and Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were investigated in laboratory harrowing experiments on a sandy soil. Harrowing uprooted on average 51% of the emerging plants and 21% of the plants in the seedling stage. Seventy per cent of all uprooted plants were completely covered by soil. An increase in working depth from 10 mm to 30 mm doubled the average fraction of uprooted plants. Uprooting was also promoted by higher soil moisture contents and higher working speeds. Average uprooting selectivity ( fraction of uprooted emerging plants/fraction of uprooted seedlings of the same species) varied between 2.0 (deep tillage and high speed) and 5.6 (dry soil). If 1 tines could keep a distance of more than 3 mm from the crop and weed plants, the average selectivity of all treatments would improve from 2.4 to 5.5 and the average fraction of uprooted seedlings would decrease from 21% to 8%. This study indicates that uprooting may be a more important weed control mechanism than commonly believed. If working depth and the path of the harrow tines in relation to crop rows could be accurately controlled, uprooting could be a relatively selective weed control mechanism at early crop growth stages.

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Sorting action of tines and tine-like tools in the field

Cited by 41 publications

References 24 publications

Estimating Tillage Effects on Artifact Distributions

Estimating Tillage Effects on Artifact Distributions

Weed Harrowing—the Influence of Driving Speed and Driving Direction on Degree of Soil Covering and the Growth of Weed and Crop Plants

Selective uprooting by weed harrowing on sandy soils

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