Sorption of organic gases in residential rooms

Singer, Brett C.; Hodgson, Alfred T.; Hotchi, Toshifumi; Ming, Katherine Y.; Sextro, R.G.; Wood, Emily E.; Brown, Nancy J.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.056

Cited by 77 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is not as thermodynamically stable as pyrene, which (like chrysene) consists of four fused benzene rings. It has been shown that, depending on the physical and chemical characteristics, different compounds, although belonging to the same class, may present different affinities for surfaces and different sorptive tendencies (Zhang et al, 2002;Singer et al, 2007;Matt et al, 2011). Thus, sorption and re-emission of fluoranthene from indoor surfaces and materials may be more intense compared to those of pyrene and chrysene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor/Outdoor Relationships between PM10 and Associated Organic Compounds in a Primary School

Alves

Urban

Pegas

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Airborne particulate matter (PM 10 ) samples were collected daily, indoors and outdoors, in a primary school at Aveiro, Portugal, from February 28 to May 27, 2011. The carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon) was determined by a thermo-optical technique. The organic speciation of PM 10 was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean PM 10 levels of 107 and 36 µg/m 3 were obtained in the schoolroom and outdoors, respectively. On average, organic carbon accounted for 30.0% of the mass of PM 10 indoors, whereas a lower mass fraction of 21.3% was found outdoors. The lack of correlation between indoor and outdoor organic carbon and the much higher indoor levels suggest significant contributions by indoor sources. The most abundant organic compound classes were acids, sugars, polyols and n-alkanes. Infiltration of outdoor particles leads to contamination of the schoolroom with vehicle emissions, as well as emissions related to the burning of biofuel in nearby restaurants and bakeries. However, the much higher indoor concentrations than in the outdoor air for the majority of compounds suggest that the origin of much of the particulate matter is from within the school building (due to school activities and materials, skin debris, microorganisms, and so on), and this also includes the formation of secondary organic aerosols. Based on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a negligible cancer risk was estimated in relation to the air within the school.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor/Outdoor Relationships between PM10 and Associated Organic Compounds in a Primary School

Alves

Urban

Pegas

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…b Represented by ammonia (NH 3 ), using empirical data from Karlsson and Huber (1996). c A surface-to-volume ratio of 3.5 m 2 m -3 (Singer et al, 2005b) is assumed when converting the uptake rate coefficient from 1.1 × 10 -4 m s -1 , as it is originally reported, to units of inverse time (h -1 ). Rogers and Sorensen (1991).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. Tables Singer et al (2005b). b Represented by ammonia (NH 3 ), using empirical data from Karlsson and Huber (1996).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of urban shelter-in-place—II: Residential districts

Chan

Nazaroff

Price

et al. 2007

Atmospheric Environment

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In the event of a short-term, large-scale toxic chemical release to the atmosphere, shelterin-place (SIP) may be used as an emergency response to protect public health. We modeled hypothetical releases using realistic, empirical parameters to explore how key factors influence SIP effectiveness for single-family dwellings in a residential district. Four classes of factors were evaluated in this case-study: (a) time scales associated with release duration, SIP implementation delay, and SIP termination; (b) building air-exchange rates, including air infiltration and ventilation; (c) the degree of sorption of toxic chemicals to indoor surfaces; and (d) the shape of the dose-response relationship for acute adverse health effects. Houses with lower air leakage are more effective shelters, and thus variability in the air leakage of dwellings is associated with varying degrees of SIP protection in a community. Sorption on indoor surfaces improves SIP effectiveness by lowering the peak indoor concentrations and reducing the amount of contamination in the indoor air. Nonlinear dose-response relationships imply substantial reduction in adverse health effects from lowering the peak exposure concentration. However, if the scenario is unfavorable for sheltering (e.g. sheltering in leaky houses for protection against a nonsorbing chemical with a linear dose-response), the community must implement SIP without delay and exit from shelter when it first becomes safe to do so. Otherwise, the community can be subjected to even greater risk than if they did not take shelter indoors.Keywords: sorption, infiltration, air-exchange rate, toxic chemical, emergency response. * Corresponding author. Tel: +1-510-486-6591; fax: +1-510-486-6658.Email address: ajgadgil@lbl.gov (A.J. Gadgil). 2/31Submitted to Atmospheric Environment November 21, 2006 IntroductionIn the event of a sudden, large-scale release of a toxic chemical into the atmosphere, nearby populations may be advised to take shelter indoors. Shelter-in-place (SIP) requires simply being indoors, closing doors and windows, and turning off fans. Broadly, SIP offers protection through two modes. First, lower peak indoor concentrations compared to outdoor concentrations are encountered after a short-term release because building envelopes limit indoor-outdoor air exchange. Second, sheltering may reduce cumulative exposures through one or more mechanisms, including transformations of toxic chemicals on building surfaces and timedependent manipulation of ventilation rates.The effectiveness of SIP for protecting public health can depend upon many factors.Attributes of the release, such as the quantity emitted, toxicity of the chemical, release duration, and atmospheric transport and dispersion, influence the effectiveness of protection. Building characteristics, including leakiness of the building envelope and the interactions between the toxic chemicals and building surfaces, also play an important role. Finally, human factors such as delays in notification and response, and the t...

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“…16,17 The mass of compound i sorbed to indoor surfaces is proportional to its mass in the gas phase under quasiequilibrium conditions:…”

Section: −1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalable Constituents of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Chemical Characterization and Health Impact Considerations

Sleiman

Logue

Luo

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

121

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Tobacco smoke residues lingering in the indoor environment, also termed thirdhand smoke (THS), can be a source of long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. THS composition is affected by chemical transformations and by air−surface partitioning over time scales of minutes to months. This study identified and quantified airborne THS pollutants available for respiratory exposure, identified potential environmental tracers, and estimated health impacts to nonsmokers. In a ventilated 18 m 3 laboratory chamber, six cigarettes were machine-smoked, and levels of particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during an aging period of 18 h. Results were compared with field measurements taken in a smoker's home 8 h after the last cigarette had been smoked. Initial chamber levels of individual VOCs in freshly emitted secondhand smoke (SHS) were in the range of 1−300 μg m −3 . The commonly used SHS tracers 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine were no longer present in the gas phase after 2 h, likely due mostly to sorption to surfaces. By contrast, other VOCs persisted in the gas phase for at least 18 h, particularly furans, carbonyls, and nitriles. The concentration ratio of acetonitrile to 3-EP increased substantially with aging. This ratio may provide a useful metric for differentiating freshly emitted (SHS) from aged smoke (THS). Among the 29 VOCs detected in the smoker's home at moderate to high concentrations, 18 compounds were also detected in simultaneously sampled outdoor air, but acetonitrile, 2-methyl furan, and 2,5-dimethyl furan appeared to be specific to cigarette smoke. The levels of acrolein, methacrolein, and acrylonitrile exceeded concentrations considered harmful by the State of California. An initial exposure and impact assessment was conducted for a subset of pollutants by computing disability-adjusted life years lost, using available toxicological and epidemiological information. Exposure to PM 2.5 contributed to more than 90% of the predicted harm. Acrolein, furan, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were considered to be the most harmful VOCs. Depending on which criteria are used to establish the separation between SHS and THS, 5−60% of the predicted health damage could be attributed to THS exposure. Benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed.

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Sorption of organic gases in residential rooms

Cited by 77 publications

References 13 publications

Indoor/Outdoor Relationships between PM10 and Associated Organic Compounds in a Primary School

Indoor/Outdoor Relationships between PM10 and Associated Organic Compounds in a Primary School

Effectiveness of urban shelter-in-place—II: Residential districts

Inhalable Constituents of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Chemical Characterization and Health Impact Considerations

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