“…The composite of clay mineral/CA/CDH was prepared according to our previous study [ 19 ]. Firstly, vermiculite (V) or montmorillonite (M) were intercalated with chlorhexidine diacetate (CA) using a cation exchange process in a wet process (VCA or MCA, respectively).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Human bone is a Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDH) with the chemical formula Ca 10− x (HPO 4 ) x (PO 4 ) 6− x (OH) 2− x (0 < x < 1). CDH can serve for non-biological applications as a catalyst, a component for mordants, an inert filler in drug pellets, a precursor for the preparation of organic phosphates, etc., [ 18 , 19 ].…”
Low-density polyethylene is one of the basic polymers used in medicine for a variety of purposes; so, the relevant improvements in functional properties are discussed here, making it safer to use as devices or implants during surgery or injury. The objective of the laboratory-prepared material was to study the antimicrobial and biocompatible properties of low-density polyethylene composites with 3 wt. % hybrid nanoclay filler. We found that the antimicrobial activity was mainly related to the filler, i.e., the hybrid type, where inorganic clay minerals, vermiculite or montmorillonite, were intercalated with organic chlorhexidine diacetate and subsequently decorated with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. After fusion of the hybrid nanofiller with polyethylene, intense exfoliation of the clay layers occurred. This phenomenon was confirmed by the analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns of the composite, where the original basal peak of the clays decreased or completely disappeared, and the optimal distribution of the filler was observed using the transmission mode of light microscopy. Functional property testing showed that the composites have good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and the biocompatibility prediction demonstrated the formation of Ca- and P-containing particles through an in vitro experiment, thus applicable for medical use.
“…The composite of clay mineral/CA/CDH was prepared according to our previous study [ 19 ]. Firstly, vermiculite (V) or montmorillonite (M) were intercalated with chlorhexidine diacetate (CA) using a cation exchange process in a wet process (VCA or MCA, respectively).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Human bone is a Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDH) with the chemical formula Ca 10− x (HPO 4 ) x (PO 4 ) 6− x (OH) 2− x (0 < x < 1). CDH can serve for non-biological applications as a catalyst, a component for mordants, an inert filler in drug pellets, a precursor for the preparation of organic phosphates, etc., [ 18 , 19 ].…”
Low-density polyethylene is one of the basic polymers used in medicine for a variety of purposes; so, the relevant improvements in functional properties are discussed here, making it safer to use as devices or implants during surgery or injury. The objective of the laboratory-prepared material was to study the antimicrobial and biocompatible properties of low-density polyethylene composites with 3 wt. % hybrid nanoclay filler. We found that the antimicrobial activity was mainly related to the filler, i.e., the hybrid type, where inorganic clay minerals, vermiculite or montmorillonite, were intercalated with organic chlorhexidine diacetate and subsequently decorated with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. After fusion of the hybrid nanofiller with polyethylene, intense exfoliation of the clay layers occurred. This phenomenon was confirmed by the analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns of the composite, where the original basal peak of the clays decreased or completely disappeared, and the optimal distribution of the filler was observed using the transmission mode of light microscopy. Functional property testing showed that the composites have good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and the biocompatibility prediction demonstrated the formation of Ca- and P-containing particles through an in vitro experiment, thus applicable for medical use.
“…The most commonly used clays for these applications include BNTs and kaolins. Biomimetic precipitation of CaPs in situ for the preparation of CaPCCs is becoming increasingly relevant [46,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. Another alternative is the use of CaPs prepared from biowastes [60], such as animal bones [61][62][63] or eggshells [64].…”
Section: Environmental Applicationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another alternative is the use of CaPs prepared from biowastes [60], such as animal bones [61][62][63] or eggshells [64]. CaPCCs are used for the adsorption of inorganic [46,[49][50][51][52][53]55,59,61,62] and organic [56][57][58]63,64] pollutants, both in cationic [46,[50][51][52][53]55,62] and anionic [49,59,61] form.…”
Section: Environmental Applicationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The cationic efficacy of CaPCCs for heavy metals based on BNT [50,51,53], MMT [52], and vermiculite (VER) [52] has been investigated. Choudhury et al [53] synthesised composites with the addition of glutaraldehyde, which helped bind the active groups of the HA and BNT particles together.…”
Calcium orthophosphates and clays and their composites are one of the most important groups in the field of new, modern, and technologically advanced materials that are accessible, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. This review provides a summary of recent research on calcium orthophosphate–clay composites, their preparation, characterisation, and use in various applications. An introduction to the subject is followed by a detailed description of the chemical and physical properties of calcium orthophosphates, clays, and clay minerals. This is followed by a general summary of preparation methods for calcium orthophosphate–clay composites. Particular attention is paid to the description of individual applications, i.e., environmental applications, biomaterials science (tissue engineering, pharmacology), and other emerging applications. Finally, future perspectives are summarised and discussed.
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