“…These bands indicate the characteristic molecular structures of the polyhedrons of PO 4 3− in the apatite lattice [23]. Also, in the VCAH, there were no significant shifts after preparation of CDH on the organically modified VER, so it is expected that there are no chemical interactions between CDH and VER [24].…”
Novel biomedical composites, based on organically modified vermiculite and montmorillonite with deposited Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDH), were prepared. The monoionic sodium forms of vermiculite and montmorillonite were intercalated with chlorhexidine diacetate (CA). The surfaces of organoclays were used for the precipitation of Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. The composites with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite showed very good antibacterial effects, similar to the antimicrobial activity of pure organoclay samples. Better antibacterial activity was shown in the organically modified montmorillonite sample with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite compared with the vermiculite composite, but, in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, both composites showed the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. The antimicrobial effect of composites against bacteria and fungi increased with the time of exposure. The structural characterization of all the prepared materials, performed using X-ray diffraction and FT infrared spectroscopy analysis, detected no changes in the original clay or CDH during the intercalation or precipitation process, therefore we expect the strength of the compounds to be in the original power.
“…These bands indicate the characteristic molecular structures of the polyhedrons of PO 4 3− in the apatite lattice [23]. Also, in the VCAH, there were no significant shifts after preparation of CDH on the organically modified VER, so it is expected that there are no chemical interactions between CDH and VER [24].…”
Novel biomedical composites, based on organically modified vermiculite and montmorillonite with deposited Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDH), were prepared. The monoionic sodium forms of vermiculite and montmorillonite were intercalated with chlorhexidine diacetate (CA). The surfaces of organoclays were used for the precipitation of Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. The composites with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite showed very good antibacterial effects, similar to the antimicrobial activity of pure organoclay samples. Better antibacterial activity was shown in the organically modified montmorillonite sample with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite compared with the vermiculite composite, but, in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, both composites showed the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. The antimicrobial effect of composites against bacteria and fungi increased with the time of exposure. The structural characterization of all the prepared materials, performed using X-ray diffraction and FT infrared spectroscopy analysis, detected no changes in the original clay or CDH during the intercalation or precipitation process, therefore we expect the strength of the compounds to be in the original power.
“…It is very puzzling for us that although firing or thermal treatment is the oldest way to process ceramics, not much information on the surface treatment process has been confirmed or validated yet. A lot of data can be found about the process itself or the new methods, but the information on the impact of the heat treatment on the ceramic surface is scarce [86][87][88][89].…”
The present review paper focuses on the current state of the art of the alumina-silicate ceramics and surface modifications of ceramics dedicated as fillers in composites with carbon fiber. The use of aluminum-silicates in the form of a cenosphere due to their outstanding properties, i.e., low density, high hardness, and total chemical inertness seem to be promising in biomaterial engineering applications. First of all, the possibilities of the composites application in orthopedic and prosthetic implantology. The following section discusses problems with the use of aluminum silicate ceramics and their processing. Subsequently, in the paragraphs to follow, the possibilities of modifying the surface with chemical methods are discussed, among others oxidation, chemical methods like ionic liquids etching, silanization, and physical processes i.e., thermal treatment. In the summary, the directions of development of ceramic-carbon fiber composites and the primary deficiencies of these composites on which to focus on and solve are discussed.
“…The negative charge on their surface is extremely beneficial for modification purposes. [17] Minerals have been used for therapeutic purposes since the prehistoric times. [18] Clays can be defined as naturally occurring substances consisting of fine-grained minerals.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Clay minerals are one of the most suitable natural materials for the growth of nanoparticles. The negative charge on their surface is extremely beneficial for modification purposes [17] . Minerals have been used for therapeutic purposes since the prehistoric times [18] .…”
In order to improve the structural properties of clays and composites of powdered spirulina, clay, nanosilica, hydroxyapatite, TiO2 and ZnO were used as an additive for mechanical processing. As a result, composites with natural nanostructured materials (NNM) are prepared with improved structural properties and bioactivity. The mixtures based on NNM with crystalline kaolinite, clays and admixtures were processed in a knife mill. The materials were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and desorption, SEM release of bioactive components (anthocyanin 0,004 ‐ 0,07 mg/g; chlorophyll 20 ‐ 29 mg/g), composite toxicity level (below 25%), particle size measurement and surface charge density, zeta potential. Adsorption enthalpies during the formation of an intermolecular complex during the interactions of an anthocyanin molecule with the appropriate component of the composite were also calculated. There are regularities in the characteristics depending on the type of NNM, particle morphology and textural features of solids. The morphological and structural properties of the components changed slighty in the blends because the processing was conducted under relatively low mechanical stress. The morphological, textural and structural characteristics of the composites as well as the transformation to a nanostructured state, assume great bioactive activity of the composites, interesting for practical applications.
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