Soot Reduction Strategy: A Review

Al-Wakeel, Haitham B.; Karim, Zainal Ambri Abdul; Al-Kayiem, Hussain H.; Jamlus, Mohd Hanafiah Mat

doi:10.3923/jas.2012.2338.2345

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The benefits of using microwave heating include volumetric heating, which ensures that materials can directly and effectively consume microwave energy and rapidly transform it to heat [7]; accelerated heating decreases thermal gradients and stresses [8]; efficient and fast transfer of energy decreeing the time of processing [9]; control in the source of power; selective heating through differential penetration of materials; self-limiting reaction [10]; inverted temperature gradient (heating from inside to outside); quick-drying moisture [11].…”

Section: Advantages Of Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on a Technique to Measure and Control of the Electromagnetic Radiation Inside a Microwave Oven

Thamer¹,

Al-Wakeel²,

MohammadRidha³

et al. 2021

IJCCCE

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The Microwave oven is a system used to convert the electromagnetic energy to thermal energy when the microwave cavity is loaded with a dielectric material. The ordinary microwave ovens are not supported with complex features for detecting parameters such as temperature, weight, and loaded material availability. Due to the lack of material availability, several laboratory and industrial applications require these features to switch off the oven. The reflections of electromagnetic radiation inside an empty microwave oven lead to oven damage. An overview of the microwave oven characteristics and emergence of electromagnetic radiation inside a microwave oven is presented in this study. The parameters measured inside the microwave oven, methods for power attenuation in a microwave oven, microwave power detector, and microwave oven leakage are discussed as well. Moreover in the methodology of this work, proposed a new technique based on the measurement of leaked microwave power to control the microwave oven. The preliminary results showed that the leakage measurement of electromagnetic power changes with the state/phase of the material inside the microwave oven, which ensured the possibility of the proposed promising technique. This work will be continued to connect the microwave oven with a spectrum analyzer and computer via hardware and software interfaces depending on the methodology of this article. A computer code will be developed to read the measured power and automatically switch off the microwave oven depending on materials state. Index Terms— Microwave, power, measurement, control.

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Section: Advantages Of Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on a Technique to Measure and Control of the Electromagnetic Radiation Inside a Microwave Oven

Thamer¹,

Al-Wakeel²,

MohammadRidha³

et al. 2021

IJCCCE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Electromagnetic waves heating utilises electromagnetic radiation to induce electric field in a conductive material that causes the material to be heated. Electromagnetic waves energy is converted into heat due to the interactions of the delocalized π-electrons in carbon materials with the electromagnetic waves [9]. Shorter time, cleaner environment, greater productivity in less space, decrease of heat losses, and reducing the manufacturing costs are the advantages of this process [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attaining Soot Oxidation Temperature by Inductive Coils Exposed to Electromagnetic Waves

Jamlus

Karim

2014

AMM

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This paper presents the findings in attaining soot oxidation temperature by using carbon steel coils exposed to electromagnetic waves. Soot are unburned carbon product in the exhaust gases during the combustion of diesel fuel, which are subjected to stringent emission regulations due to its harmful properties. The unburned carbon can be oxidised by heating as after-treatment strategy but in order for the oxidation to occur, it would require a temperature of not less than 600°C. In the present work, eight heating elements made from various carbon steel coil sizes were exposed to electromagnetic waves in the microwave oven cavity which heats up the coils to the oxidation temperature. Electromagnetic waves heating utilises electromagnetic radiation to induce electric field in a conductive material that causes the material to be heated. The microwave oven used has a power rating of 1000 W, with a microwave range of 2450 Mhz. Measurement of coils temperature and exposure time to electromagnetic waves were recorded and analysed. The results showed that only the coils with bigger coil loop size, i.e. 20 mm and lowest number of turns, i.e. 10 turns attained the threshold temperature of 600°C, while smaller diameter coil would accelerate the rate of heating. The findings from the research work are significant facts in the future development of in-situ exhaust gas after treatment system in reducing soot emissions.

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“…The high frequency electromagnetic energy or microwave energy is commonly used for material heating. Key advantages of microwave heating include volumetric, rapid, reversed and selective heating [2]. To understand the microwave heating phenomenon many numerical studies were conducted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of High Frequency Electromagnetic Wave in Microwave Cavity for Soot Oxidation

Al-Wakeel

Karim

Al-Kayiem

et al. 2013

AMM

Self Cite

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Soot oxidation temperature by high frequency electromagnetic energy was proposed using numerical simulation by combining electromagnetic with transient thermal analyses. Equation of electric field distribution in a microwave cavity with perfect electric conductor surfaces and TE10 mode is formulated from Helmholtz equation. The dissipated heat distribution is calculated from the electric field distribution. Six study cases for electric field and dissipated heat distributions were implemented by using ANSYS software based on finite element method. The impact of dielectric sample properties, position, size and shape inside the microwave cavity were predicted. The results from the simulation of electric field and dissipated heat were compared with available data in literature and showed the validity of the analysis. It was found that the electric field forming hot spots at penetration depth and front corners of the soot sample and penetration depth is equal to 12mm but equal to 0 for samples with dimensions less than penetration depth. Dissipated heat pattern depend on electric field pattern and dielectric properties.

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Soot Reduction Strategy: A Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

An Overview on a Technique to Measure and Control of the Electromagnetic Radiation Inside a Microwave Oven

An Overview on a Technique to Measure and Control of the Electromagnetic Radiation Inside a Microwave Oven

Attaining Soot Oxidation Temperature by Inductive Coils Exposed to Electromagnetic Waves

Numerical Simulation of High Frequency Electromagnetic Wave in Microwave Cavity for Soot Oxidation

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