Soot inception: Carbonaceous nanoparticle formation in flames

Martin, Jacob W.; Salamanca, Maurin; Kraft, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100956

Cited by 155 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 592 publications

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“…Perhaps more importantly the saturate decomposition (whether as paraffins or substituent groups) generates H-atoms and alkyl radicals that can cap aromatic radicals to restrict reactive radical addition reactions [30]. Preceding pyrolysis saturates can serve as H-donors to terminate aromatic radicals-restricting their clustering via radical chain reactions [31,32]. Though the reaction rates are fast and mechanistic steps few for these processes, any kinetic delay (τ) allows turbulent mixing with flame gases, temperature elevation, and homogenization of the reactive environment under which nuclei form and particle growth occurs [33].…”

Section: Carbon Black Formation-dependence Upon Fuel Compositional Di...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fuel Composition on Carbon Black Formation Pathways

et al. 2022

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Differences in lamellae length, stacking, and particularly a difference in the core-to-shell radial structure are observed for carbon blacks produced using different feedstocks. Carbon black (CB) produced using a coal tar (CT) feedstock formed particles with amorphous cores exhibiting a sharp transition to extended lamellae oriented about the periphery of the particle. In contrast, the carbon black produced from fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC) decant oil as feedstock formed particles with a single nucleated core possess a rather uniform radial transition—reflecting the presence of ordered, concentric lamellae across most of the particle radius. Minimal disorder was observed in the core while the undulations in perimeter lamellae were fewer. Our interpretation for these structural dissimilarities is premised on differences in fuel composition, specifically component classes as found by saturate, aromatic, resin, asphaltene (SARA) analysis. These in turn lead to variation in the relative rates of particle nucleation and particle growth by pyrolysis products, moderated by temperature. Electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals radial variation in the sp2 content between the different feedstocks consistent with observed nanostructures. Collectively these results are interpreted in terms of an offset in nucleation and growth—dependent upon the relative contributions of feedstock aromatic content and pyrolysis processes to particle nucleation and growth. To further test the postulate of different formation conditions for the two carbon blacks pulsed laser annealing was applied. The high temperature heating accentuated the dissimilarities in nanostructure and chemistry—leading to stark dissimilarities. These differences were also manifested by comparing oxidative reactivity.

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Section: Carbon Black Formation-dependence Upon Fuel Compositional Di...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fuel Composition on Carbon Black Formation Pathways

et al. 2022

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Section: Editorial On the Research Topicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A fundamental understanding of soot formation process is thus necessary to achieve a strong reduction of PM emissions and design cleaner and more efficient combustion systems. This has motivated a longstanding and ongoing research activity aimed at improving our understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in soot formation, well reviewed in these recent works (Wang and Chung, 2019;Michelsen et al, 2020;Martin et al, 2022).Despite the wide interest, the transition from gas-phase molecules to incipient soot particles is still elusive and the successive particle growth and oxidation processes are far from being fully understood, especially in conditions relevant to real-world applications. Recent advances in combustion PM emission diagnostic and computational capabilities helped in improving the predictability of fundamental chemical and aerosol models for practical applications, thus tackling some of the above-mentioned challenges.The aim of this research topic is to display the ongoing research efforts in addressing the existing gaps on particulate formation from various fuel sources and in conditions typical of practical combustion applications (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Particulate Matter Emissions From Conventional and Reformulated Fuel Combustion: Advances in Experiments and Simulations

2022

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Editorial on the Research TopicParticulate Matter Emissions From Conventional and Reformulated Fuel Combustion: Advances in Experiments and Simulations Particulate matter (PM or soot) emissions generated by combustion of conventional and reformulated fuels adversely impact the environment and human health (Bond et al., 2013;Landrigan et al., 2018; World Health Organization (WHO), 2016), generating public awareness and motivating efforts towards the mitigation of their harmful effects.Soot formation is one of the most complex phenomena in combustion, involving interactions between combustion chemistry, fluid mechanics, mass/heat transport, and particle dynamics, spanning different spatial and temporal scales. A fundamental understanding of soot formation process is thus necessary to achieve a strong reduction of PM emissions and design cleaner and more efficient combustion systems. This has motivated a longstanding and ongoing research activity aimed at improving our understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in soot formation, well reviewed in these recent works (Wang and Chung, 2019;Michelsen et al., 2020;Martin et al., 2022).Despite the wide interest, the transition from gas-phase molecules to incipient soot particles is still elusive and the successive particle growth and oxidation processes are far from being fully understood, especially in conditions relevant to real-world applications. Recent advances in combustion PM emission diagnostic and computational capabilities helped in improving the predictability of fundamental chemical and aerosol models for practical applications, thus tackling some of the above-mentioned challenges.The aim of this research topic is to display the ongoing research efforts in addressing the existing gaps on particulate formation from various fuel sources and in conditions typical of practical combustion applications (e.g. flames, engines, pool fires), through both experimental and numerical approaches.

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“…Acetylene is a key intermediate in the formation of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels [5] and has its reactive characteristics during the detonation of hydrocarbon fuels. Understanding the acetylene-rich detonation process is important in several fields, including the combustion efficiency of actual gas phase fuel [6][7][8], material preparation [9,10], human health effects [11], and astrophysical explosion process [12]. In particular, it is relevant to understand the propagation of the acetylene-rich detonation process and the component distribution behind the detonation wave-front, as well as the consumption and regeneration process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Gaseous Detonation Performance and Wall Reflection Effect of Acetylene-Rich Fuel

Gao

Tang

2022

Energies

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The efficient utilization of energy in rich fuel detonation processes and the effective control method of soot are important topics in combustion research. In this paper, we numerically study the detonation wave behavior of acetylene–air systems in rich fuel condition by using a reduced reaction mechanism. The non-stiff terms of the governing equations are solved explicitly using the gas kinetic scheme, and the stiff terms are solved implicitly. Our results show that the acetylene pyrolysis is the dominant reaction process. The oxidation reaction is exploited to initiate the reaction induction process, providing the required energy to overcome the potential energy barrier. The secondary detonation structure is due to the stable interaction of the transverse waves and the combined action of the vinyl reaction system, thus effectively improve the energy release rate and providing a powerful solution for the fuel-rich high-energy release of advanced heat engines. The area of the unreacted pocket increases with the acetylene concentration, resulting in an irregular wave-front and detonation cell. The reflected shock wave impacting on the wall induces the secondary reaction of the detonation products. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decreases significantly and regenerates near the wall. Our approach provides an effective tool for controlling detonation soot and the preparation of carbon particles.

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Soot inception: Carbonaceous nanoparticle formation in flames

Cited by 155 publications

References 592 publications

Effect of Fuel Composition on Carbon Black Formation Pathways

Effect of Fuel Composition on Carbon Black Formation Pathways

Editorial: Particulate Matter Emissions From Conventional and Reformulated Fuel Combustion: Advances in Experiments and Simulations

Numerical Simulation of Gaseous Detonation Performance and Wall Reflection Effect of Acetylene-Rich Fuel

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