Sonoextraction of phenolic compounds and saponins from Aesculus hippocastanum seed kernels: Modeling and optimization

Aesculus hippocastanum L.: A Simple Ornamental Plant or a Source of Compelling Molecules for Industry?

“…Overall, forty compounds were identified: 18 in pulp, 13 in skin, and 15 in husk, with all fruit parts presenting a distinct chemical profile. The phenolic profile of horse chestnut has been previously described by other authors, mainly in the pulp [25][26][27] and husk [28,29]. The main family of phenolic compounds found in horse chestnut skin and husk were (epi)catechin derivatives, being the common compounds between both samples at peaks 2, 11, 12, 17, 21, and 24.…”

“…Regarding A. hippocastanum pulp, eighteen phenolic compounds were found, namely ten flavonoid derivatives (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin glycoside derivatives), six phenolic acids (caffeic and coumaric acid derivatives), one coumarin derivative and an unknown compound (Figure 1 and Table 2). Other authors reported a similar profile in A. hippocastanum seed pulp [27]. The authors of [45] also identified kaempferol and procyanidin A2 in horse chestnut seeds, and the authors of [46] identified the three flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin.…”

High potential extracts from cocoa byproducts through sonotrode optimal extraction and a comprehensive characterization

“…Regarding antioxidant activity through TEAC and FRAP, experiments 15 and 4 exhibited the highest activity ( Table 1 ). Several reports mention that the recovery of phenolic compounds through sonoextraction has been considered as independent variables such as extraction time (XA), ultrasonic amplitude (X B ), and sample-solvent ratio (X C ) [15] , [24] . In these reports, X B was found to be the most influential variable for total polyphenol extraction, with the 50 % ethanol proportion showing the highest recovery capacity [13] .…”

“…In these studies, the effect of independent variables such as ethanol/water ratio (%, v/v), extraction time (min), amplitude (%) or power (W), and pulse (%) and their influence on response variables such as total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity have been considered [13] , [14] . In this context, it has been established that there are several factors that affect sonoextraction such as sonication time, power, nature of sample, which includes particle size, solid/liquid ratio, and type of solvent [15] .…”

Recovery of Citric Acid from Citrus Peels: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimized by Response Surface Methodology

“…When defining the range of values for the independent variables, the entire power range of the ultrasonic processor was considered, as well as ethanol proportions from 0 to 100% (a green solvent selected for being authorized in food manufacturing and processing) [24]. The extraction time range was fixed based on previous studies [25] and considering that UAE is intended as a time-saving methodology. Even so, times of up to 45 min were imposed to assess the impact of longer sonication on the target organic acid.…”