Sonication-Assisted Pine Cone Flower Cellulose Hydrolysis Using Formic Acid

Abstract

Nanocellulose has many applications in industrial sectors, such as in pulp and papermaking, production of synthetic textile fibers, dye, ink, and coating materials. The cellulose itself can be isolated from the waste of pine cone flower. This paper reports formic acid in the different concentrations (10%, 30%, and 60%) for hydrolyzing of cellulose using sonication technique (48 kHz) at 45 °C for 60 mins. The hydrolyzed cellulose was analyzed using FTIR and XRD spectrometry. It was found that the hydrolyzed-cellulose isolated was 92.4%, 94.6%, and 89.6%, respectively. The FTIR spectra provided the band for O-H (3435 cm−1) and C-O-C (1180-1060 cm−1) functional groups. However, the spectra also showed the C=C band for lignin impurities at 1661 cm−1. Furthermore, The XRD data gave similar 2-theta values for all hydrolyzed cellulose at 16°, 22°, and 34° respectively. The crystallite size was 18.34, 15.09, and 15.07 nm. Meanwhile, the crystallinity index was 50.50, 52.70, and 51.60% respectively.

Crystallinity of Nanocellulose and its Application in Polymer Composites: A Short Review

“…It is evidence from the table that the CI of cellulose varies over a wide range, from 50.50 % for pine cone flower to about 99% for cellulose isolated from sugarcane peels. According to Zakiyya et al [17], all hydrolyzed cellulose using 10%, 30%, and 60% concentrations of formic acid gave the similar 2-theta values for waste pine cone flower at 16°, 22°, and 34° respectively. The crystallinity index was 50.50, 52.70 and 51.60%, while the crystallite size was 18.34, 15.09, and 15.07 nm, respectively (see Fig.…”

“…where Imax indicates the highest crystalline peak, and Iam represents the height of the amorphous peak. Then the crystallite size (L) of cellulose can be calculated by using the Scherrer's equation [17].…”

“…Specifically, it can help to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer composites [22]. origin and acid treatments, (a) pine cone flower using 10, 30, 60% formic acid, adapted from [17], (b) Merkusii pine flower waste using 10, 30 and 60% citric acid, adapted from [18], (c) Cereus forbesii bark using 60% sulfuric acid, adapted from [19], and (d) Sugarcane peels using 64wt% sulphuric acid adapted from [20]…”

Antibacterial Activity of Hydrogels Produced from Nanocellulose Derivatives for Controlled Drug Delivery

“…This finding aligns with its enhanced swelling capabilities compared to nanocellulose-based hydrogels. 14 -1745 C=O esther [4], [11], [18] 1005 1105 C-O-C Pyranose ring [3], [4], [11], [15], [17], [19] © 2024 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License…”

Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from paper mulberry fibers

“…where D is the crystallite size of the raw materials (nm), K is the Scherrer constant, λ is the X-ray wavelength, β is full width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle (Shahabi-Ghahafarrokhi et al 2015;Zakiyya et al 2020). To determine FWHM, the blank in the background was subtracted, and other manipulations, such as smoothing, were not performed.…”