Program Nasional pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan (A national program to empower independent community) or PNPM-MP is a program which intensively focuses on overcoming poverty and backwardness of people. Therefore, the effectiveness of this program should be analyzed. This research aims at: (1) finding out the effectiveness of PNPM-MP in Bunyu, Bulungan District in 2010, (2) finding out factors influencing the effectiveness of PNPM-MP in Bunyu. This research is a qualitative research. It was done in Bunyu, Bulungan District. Data were collected using interview and documentation. Data were, then, analyzed using descriptive qualitative data analysis through the processes of collecting, reducing, presenting, and verifying data. This research has shown that PNPM-MP can be regarded as effective, though in the implementation, it is lack of employee factor in which the number of employees does not fully occupy the formations, which leads to overlapped authorities and the specialties the employees have are not suited to their fields. Besides, implementation time which is not appropriate with the standard that should be obeyed by the employees also becomes an obstacle. It also affects the whole series of agendas that should be done. Although there are hampering factors, there are supporting factors which help the program run well. Those supporting factors are given information and facilities. The information is in form of regulation, circulars, operating procedures, and capacity addition for facilitators. Keywords: Analysis of effectiveness, PNPM-MP. ABSTRAKProgram Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan (PNPM-MP) merupakan program yang fokus dan intensif untuk mengatasi persoalan kemiskinan dan ketertinggalan masyarakat. Berkaitan dengan hal ini perlu untuk dilakukan analisis mengenai efektivitas program PNPM-MP. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah; (1). Untuk mengetahui efektivitas Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan Pada Kecamatan Bunyu Kabupaten Bulungan tahun 2010, (2). Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan Di Kecamatan Bunyu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian ini yaitu di Kecamatan Bunyu Kabupaten Bulungan. Pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan melalui teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif dengan proses pengumpulan, reduksi, penyajian dan verifikasi data. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan tentang efektivitas Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perkotaan Dikecamatan Bunyu Kabupaten Bulungan menunjukkan bahwa telah bisa dikatakan efektif, meskipun masih banyak kekurangan dalam pelaksanaannya. Kekurangan tersebut yaitu pada faktor tenaga kerja, dimana jumlah tenaga kerja tidak full mengisi formasi yang ada, selain itu formasi yang ada tidak diisi oleh tenaga spesialis yang sesuai dengan bidangnya. Kaitannya dengan formasi yang tidak terisi semua, maka berimbas kepa...

The copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have attracted much attention due to their application in diverse fields. The applications of CuNPs depend on their physical and chemical properties. This study presents the first report for the use of medicinal fruit extract of Piper retrofractum Vahl as an eco-friendly reagent in the synthesis of CuNPs using copper sulfate as a starting material. Piper retrofractum Vahl extract was employed as a bioreductor as well as a capping agent in the formation of CuNPs. The reaction process was assisted by sonication and stirring. The influences of extract concentration, pH, temperature, and reaction time on the size of CuNPs were studied in detail. The morphology and structure of synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, TEM, and XRD. The UV-Vis measurement showed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 234-255 nm, whereas FTIR characteristic peaks of metal-oxygen (Cu-O) were confirmed in the range 550-570 cm À1 and Cu-O-H bonds led to bending absorptions in the region 870-880 cm À1. The synthesized CuNPs possess the spherical shapes and high content of copper (70.3%) as confirmed by SEM-EDS. From the TEM micrograph, it can be seen that the particle size distribution of CuNPs has a high uniformity with a size of 2-10 nm under the optimum condition. The crystalline nature of CuNPs as confirmed by XRD showed the crystallinity phase of 26.4%. The synthesized CuNPs have relatively good stability and could inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results proved that Piper retrofractum Vahl fruit extract could be applied for a greener synthesis of CuNPs with high uniformity of particle sizes.

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The design of a Tm-doped photonic crystal fiber with ∼ 80 μm core diameter and robust single-mode guiding is proposed. State-of-art modal discrimination is obtained through the suppression of the inner cladding C(6ν) symmetry, which fosters the delocalization of the LP(11)-like mode. The effects of thermally-induced refractive index change are investigated by means of a computationally-efficient thermal model, and the possibility to obtain wide-band single-mode propagation and effective area exceeding 2500 μm(2) under a heat load of over 300 W/m is demonstrated.