Some-or-none characteristics of coding behavior

Cohen, Burton H.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(66)80014-2

Cited by 115 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…That is, the items in any given list represent a large portion of the items in a given category. Cohen (1966) has shown that both clustering and recall are higher in humans with exhaustive as opposed to nonexhaustive categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial position and clustering effects in a chimpanzee’s “flee recall”

1981

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Lana, a chimpanzee sophisticated in the language Yerkish, was tested for free recall on lists consisting of from one to eight words randomly drawn from one of three taxonomic categories or on lists consisting of nine words with every third word from a different category. Serial position effects were observed for the four-to eight-item lists, with statistically significant first-item primacy effects on the seven-and eight-word lists and last-position recency effects on the six·, seven-, and eight-word lists. Also, above-chance clustering was observed in the recall of the nine-item categorized lists. These results were compared and contrasted with the serial position and clustering effects obtained in free recall with humans. Several alternative theoretical accounts of the results were considered.This study was designed to examine the free recall capabilities of Lana, a chimpanzee sophisticated in the language Yerkish (Rumbaugh, 1977). Lana was tested to determine if her episodic free recall performance would demonstrate the well established serial position (Murdock, 1962) and category clustering (Bousfield, Cohen, & Whitmarsh, 1958) effects that are obtained with humans. Serial position effects refer to the finding that when adult humans are given a list of, say, 20 words presented sequentially, their recall will be better both for words occupying the first few positions in the list (primacy effect) and for words occupying the last few positions in the list (recency effect) than for words occupying the middle positions of the list (Murdock, 1962). Category clustering refers to the finding that when adult humans are given a sequentially presented list of words that can be grouped together into a number of different taxonomic categories, they will tend to organize or cluster their recall by the categories even when the presentation of the list was not sequenced by category (Bousfield et al., 1958).Serial position effects have previously been investigated with infrahuman subjects in studies employing serial probe recognition tasks (SPR) (Sands & Wright, This research was supported by NIH Grant HD.{)6016, awarded to Duane M. Rumbaugh, and NIH Grant RR.{)0165, awarded to the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University, to whom the authors wish to express their gratitude for their support to the study. Requests for reprints should be sent to James P. Buchanan, Department of Psychology, University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510. 1980a, 1980b; R. Thompson & Herman, 1977). R. Thompson and Herman (1977) presented tone lists of one to six items to a bottle-nosed dolphin. After hearing the tone list, the dolphin had to classify a subsequent tone as either old (in the list) or new. The probability of recognizing the old sound was highest for the most recent sound presented and dropped off sigmoidally for successively earlier sounds. The dolphin's performance, then, indicated a significant recency effect without any corresponding primacy effect. On the other hand, Wright (1980a, 1980b) report bot...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial position and clustering effects in a chimpanzee’s “flee recall”

1981

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“…The recall advantage of structured information is based on a highly systematic retrieval process. Recall protocols are characterized by regular clustering (Bousfield, 1953); primacy or recency effects and other reflections of extraneous factors vanish (Cohen, 1966); and the nature of errors reveals the systematic memory search (Herrmann, Frisina, & Conti, 1978). The recall process is forced to proceed in clear-cut structural paths, probably bypassing the relatively weak mood cues which provide a rather inefficient alternative for finding the same information in memory.…”

Section: Structure Of the Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, the categorical structure of the information leads to a recall process proceeding in two stages: (1) access to the superordinate categories on which the memory representation is based, and (2) reconstruction of specific items within categories (see Bahrick, 1971;Cohen, 1966;Eich et al, 1975). That is, the role of the category meanings is comparable to the role of the cues in a cued recall test, and it is interesting to note that mood effects which are present in free recall have been reported to be absent in cued recall (Eich et al, 1975), presumably because the associative links between the cues (categories) and the stimuli to be remembered are much stronger than the relatively weak links between mood states and stimuli.…”

Section: Mood and Stimulus Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What kind of mood influences what kind of memory: The role of arousal and information structure

Fiedler

Stroehm

1986

Memory & Cognition

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Mood-congruent memory was investigated as a function of the structure of the information to be remembered (categorical vs. isolated) and the participant's arousal (stimulating drug vs. placebo). Free recall of photographs showing either pleasant or unpleasant scenes was assessed for subjects under positive or neutral mood states, induced by the imagination of emotional experiences under relaxation. Although the arousal manipulation did not affect the recall performance, the findings highlight the importance of the information structure: a mood-congruency effect was obtained for the isolated pictures; however, the effect did not appear for categorical material, suggesting that structural constraints on the recall process can override the influence of mood on memory. Interestingly, the subject's evaluations of the pictures also shifted toward their mood states. A general recall advantage of positive mood was observed.

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“…This criterion is consistent with an intuitive idea of what subjective memory units should be,6 as well as with experimental evidence. That is, in recall a memory unit functions as a redintegrative ensemble such that retrieval of one item within the unit provides, with high probability, access to the remaining items in the unit (Cohen, 1966;Horowitz & Prytulak, 1969;Tulving & Patterson, 1968). Lists with an experimenter-imposed or subject-defined (Friendly, Note 4) hierarchical structure lead to high recall because they provide multiple retrieval links for the subject to "move" within higher-order memory units and from one unit to the next at recall (Wood, 1972).…”

Section: Tree-structure Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, A5). Four trials were constructed for each subject according to a "some-or-none" model (Cohen, 1966): On trial t, a subject recalled a given number of items (say, r) from each of r categories, and none from the remaining categories. Schematically, the pattern of recalls can be indicated as, where for example, A' means r items recalled from category A.…”

Section: Recovery Of Known Organizational Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of the M-Gram: The structure of organization in free recall

Friendly

1977

Cognitive Psychology

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This paper reviews three major classes of structural models of episodic and semantic memory which have been proposed to describe the organization of permanent memory. Although semantic memory workers have developed methods for obtaining representations of these models from empirical data, students of episodic memory generally have not. A method is presented for extracting representations of memory structure using output order information from a free recall learning task. It is shown that this method can be embedded within each of the three general models of memory structure to produce graphic representations of those structures. These representations may be obtained for individuals or for group data, and in some cases the nature and extent of individual differences in organizational structure can be characterized. A final section of the paper demonstrates the validity of the method using both real and simulated data, shows that the method is sensitive even to small differences in organizational structure, and illustrates the utility of this approach with an analysis of part-whole transfer.Within theories of memory, two broad classes of components can be distinguished. Structural components relate to the format, arrangement, and interrelationships among item traces in the memory system. Functional components relate to the processes by which items become encoded, are stored, and subsequently are retrieved. In the language of information retrieval, structural components of memory models describe or represent the data base of the memory system, while functional components describe the routines which operate upon this data base.Over the last two decades, the notion that the memory data base constitutes a highly organized system has played an increasingly dominant role in theory and research in human memory, particularly in the context of The author is profoundly grateful to Peter A. Omstein for his advice, guidance, and interest from the inception of this work through the writing of this paper. The author thanks Martha Friendly for assistance in data collection and editing, Peter Dean and Doug Vipond for thoughtful comments on the manuscript, and Susan Goldberg for cheerfully typing numerous revisions.This research was begun while the author held a Psychometric Fellowship at Educational Testing Service and Princeton University.Initial research was supported by Educational Testing Service, by Office of Naval Research Contract NO00 14-67-A-0151-0006, and by National Science Foundation Grant GB 8023X. More recently, this work has been supported by National Research Council of Canada Grant A8615.Requests for reprints should be addressed to Michael Friendly,

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Some-or-none characteristics of coding behavior

Cited by 115 publications

References 3 publications

Serial position and clustering effects in a chimpanzee’s “flee recall”

Serial position and clustering effects in a chimpanzee’s “flee recall”

What kind of mood influences what kind of memory: The role of arousal and information structure

In search of the M-Gram: The structure of organization in free recall

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