The fine particulate matter baseline (PMB), which includes PM 2.5 monitor readings fused with Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model predictions, using the Hierarchical Bayesian Model (HBM), is less accurate in rural areas without monitors. To address this issue, an upgraded HBM was used to form four experimental aerosol optical depth (AOD)-PM 2.5 concentration surfaces. A case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression evaluated the contribution of the AOD-PM 2.5 surfaces and PMB to four respiratory-cardiovascular hospital events in all 99 12 km 2 CMAQ grids, and in grids with and without ambient air monitors. For all four health outcomes, only two AOD-PM 2.5 surfaces, one not kriged (PMC) and the other kriged (PMCK), had significantly higher Odds Ratios (ORs) on lag days 0, 1, and 01 than PMB in all grids, and in grids without monitors. In grids with monitors, emergency department (ED) asthma PMCK on lag days 0, 1 and 01 and inpatient (IP) heart failure (HF) PMCK ORs on lag days 01 were significantly higher than PMB ORs. Warm season ORs were significantly higher than cold season ORs. Independent confirmation of these results should include AOD-PM 2.5 concentration surfaces with greater temporal-spatial resolution, now easily available from geostationary satellites, such as GOES-16 and GOES-17.In urban areas, PMB gives more "weight" to PM 2.5 monitor readings than CMAQ PM 2.5 model predictions. In rural areas, CMAQ PM 2.5 model predictions exert more influence than PM 2.5 monitor readings on PMB, since there are fewer monitors or no monitors. Ambient air monitors are usually found in urban areas. In the last 15 years, PMB has turned out to be a more representative PM 2.5 concentration surface, compared to the interpolation of PM 2.5 monitor data, as a method to resolve spatial gaps between ambient air monitors [16,18,22]. CDC subsequently incorporated PMB into its Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) network of state and New York City partners [16,18,22,26]. To date, PMB has been used by federal and state epidemiologists completing EPHT projects in different parts of the US [16,18,22,26].Within this decade, the availability and use of satellite AOD data have become more routine [6,16,[27][28][29][30][31]. Newer generation satellite instruments measure AOD with increased temporal accuracy and finer spatial resolution [27,[32][33][34][35][36][37]. AOD is a unitless measure of the scattering and absorption of visible light by aerosols (particles) in the atmosphere [38][39][40]. AOD data are, by definition, actual physical measurements, an improvement over CMAQ PM 2.5 model predictions. Once AOD unitless measurements have been calibrated with actual PM 2.5 readings from on-the-ground ambient air monitors, it is then possible to utilize the derived AOD-PM 2.5 concentration readings to estimate actual ambient PM 2.5 concentration in areas where there are no on-the-ground air monitors. The relationship between AOD measurements and on-the-ground measurements of PM 2.5 concentration readings has b...

Lana, a chimpanzee sophisticated in the language Yerkish, was tested for free recall on lists consisting of from one to eight words randomly drawn from one of three taxonomic categories or on lists consisting of nine words with every third word from a different category. Serial position effects were observed for the four-to eight-item lists, with statistically significant first-item primacy effects on the seven-and eight-word lists and last-position recency effects on the six·, seven-, and eight-word lists. Also, above-chance clustering was observed in the recall of the nine-item categorized lists. These results were compared and contrasted with the serial position and clustering effects obtained in free recall with humans. Several alternative theoretical accounts of the results were considered.This study was designed to examine the free recall capabilities of Lana, a chimpanzee sophisticated in the language Yerkish (Rumbaugh, 1977). Lana was tested to determine if her episodic free recall performance would demonstrate the well established serial position (Murdock, 1962) and category clustering (Bousfield, Cohen, & Whitmarsh, 1958) effects that are obtained with humans. Serial position effects refer to the finding that when adult humans are given a list of, say, 20 words presented sequentially, their recall will be better both for words occupying the first few positions in the list (primacy effect) and for words occupying the last few positions in the list (recency effect) than for words occupying the middle positions of the list (Murdock, 1962). Category clustering refers to the finding that when adult humans are given a sequentially presented list of words that can be grouped together into a number of different taxonomic categories, they will tend to organize or cluster their recall by the categories even when the presentation of the list was not sequenced by category (Bousfield et al., 1958).Serial position effects have previously been investigated with infrahuman subjects in studies employing serial probe recognition tasks (SPR) (Sands & Wright, This research was supported by NIH Grant HD.{)6016, awarded to Duane M. Rumbaugh, and NIH Grant RR.{)0165, awarded to the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University, to whom the authors wish to express their gratitude for their support to the study. Requests for reprints should be sent to James P. Buchanan, Department of Psychology, University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510. 1980a, 1980b; R. Thompson & Herman, 1977). R. Thompson and Herman (1977) presented tone lists of one to six items to a bottle-nosed dolphin. After hearing the tone list, the dolphin had to classify a subsequent tone as either old (in the list) or new. The probability of recognizing the old sound was highest for the most recent sound presented and dropped off sigmoidally for successively earlier sounds. The dolphin's performance, then, indicated a significant recency effect without any corresponding primacy effect. On the other hand, Wright (1980a, 1980b) report bot...

The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree to which lesions in the septum and other anatomically related structures result in the presence and/or permanence of an Overresponding symptom on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL 20 sec) schedule. Animals were given 15 days of training to determine the presence or absence of Overresponding. Then, animals that overresponded were divided into two groups, with one receiving 15 days of cued DRL training and 15 days of regular DRL training while the other received 30 days of regular DRL training. Overresponding occurred following lesions in septum, hippocampus, medialis dorsalis, and ventral thalamus pars dorsalis. While in effect, cued DRL facilitated performance in controls and in operated animals but did not facilitate performance following its removal in septals. Although the hippocampals continued to overrespond with extended training on a regular DRL schedule, exposure to the cued DRL allowed hippocampals to reduce responding and increase the frequency of obtained reinforcements. Lesions in medialis dorsalis and ventral thalamus led to an Overresponding that disappeared with prolonged regular DRL training. Finally, it was shown that the cued DRL training actually functioned as a time-out from DRL training. The variations in the permanence of the Overresponding symptom according to lesion locus preclude the identification of the lesion-induced dysfunction based solely on the presence or absence of Overresponding.

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Normal rats and rats with septal lesions were run on a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule in the presence or absence of a differential response feedback produced by systematically varying the force required to depress the lever. For each of 3 treatment conditions, the required force either decreased, increased, or remained constant. By the end of training, normals and rats with lesions were not significantly different from each other on all performance measures examined when differential response feedback was provided (i.e., decreasing or increasing force), but significant lesion-normal differences were present when such feedback was absent (i.e., constant force).Behavioral deficits that result from the destruction of the septum are greatest on tasks in which the correct response emitted by the animal is based on internal responseproduced stimulation and least on those tasks in which the correct response is cued by an external stimulus (Zucker, 1965). On differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedules, in which there is no external stimulus to signal when to respond, rats that have sustained destruction of the septum generally emit more responses and obtain fewer reinforcements than normal rats (Burkett & Bunnell, 1966;Ellen & Aitken, 1971Ellen, Wilson, & Powell, 1964). When an external cue light is provided as a signal indicating the end of the delay period on a DRL-20 schedule, rats that have undergone destruction of the septum are able to decrease responding and obtain a sufficient number of reinforcements so that by the end of training the asymptotic levels for these 2 measures are comparable to those reached by normal rats (Ellen & Butter, 1969).In addition to withholding responses that do not satisfy the delay criterion and emit-1 The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Joseph Bonds and Forrest Shiver in the design and construction of the variable force-bar apparatus.

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The relationship between US intensity and conditioned alpha blocking was investigated in a betweengroup design employing 24 human subjects. In all cases, one of three different light intensities was paired with the same tone stimulus. The light intensities used were .602, 1.342, and 2.065 log fL. The three groups of eight subjects each received the same random s~uence and number of stimulus trials in pseudoconditioning, conditioning, and extinction. In pseudoconditioning and extinction, there were 36 unpaired tone and light trials, and in conditioning there were 30 paired tone and light trials. It was found that there was an inverse relationship between light intensity and conditioned alpha blocking. The results were interpreted by extending Pavlov's concept of ultramaximal inhibition. An important characteristic of the EEG is that the presentation of a light stimulus results in the suppression ofthe alpha rhythm much like the US-UR relationship of peripheral reflex response systems

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