Some Observations on the Dependence of Strain on Stress for Ice

Gold, L. W.

doi:10.1139/p58-131

Cited by 156 publications

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“…suffered from the fact that deformations other than elastic strains were also measured. However, experimental values of 9.9 GN m-2 reported by Gold (1958) and 9.5k0.3 GN m-2 measured by Sinha ( 1978 ) at 233 K for horizontal loading of inclusion free S2 ice provide some support for the theory presented above. Nakaya's ( 1959) data, on the dynamic Young's modulus of ice from a tunnel drilled into the Greenland ice cap, show the modulus to decrease from about 9.2 to 7.5 GN m-2 for a decrease in density from 9 17 to 905 kg m-3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Elasticity of natural types of polycrystalline ice

Sinha

1989

Cold Regions Science and Technology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Elasticity of natural types of polycrystalline ice

Sinha

1989

Cold Regions Science and Technology

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“…Columnar-grained ice is best characterized as transverse isotropic. Investigations by Gold (1958) showed the relation between strains in the plane of the ice cover to be complex. For example, Poisson's ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.6 as strain increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Measuring Flexural Properties of Ice Using Cantilever Beams

Frederking¹,

Timco²

1983

Ann. Glaciol.

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/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. Glaciology, 4, pp. 58-65, 1983 On measuring flexural properties of ice using cantilever beams Frederking, R. M. W.; Timco, G. W. ABSTRACT Tests have been performed on fine-grained, columnar, freshwater ice sheets 40 to 70 mm thick grown in a refrigerated model basin. Cantilever beams of various geometries were tested for lengths ranging from 200 to 2 000 mm and widths of 50 to 250 mm. Analysis of the results in terms of simple elastic beam theory indicated that modulus increased with increasing beam length and decreasing beam width. An analytical model for beam deflection was developed, taking into account the effects of buoyancy, shear, and rotation and deflection at the root. This model satisfactorily explained the observed deflection behaviour and the apparent geometry dependence of the modulus. Flexural strength was independent of beam length, but decreased with increasing beam width. Flexural strength was independent of loading rate, whereas modulus decreased with increased 1 oading time. Annals of INTRODUCTIONFlexural behaviour of ice covers is an important factor in establishing their bearing capacity and ice loading on structures. It has application in studying natural ice processes such as ridge building, ride-up, pile-up and ruhbl e building. Accurate determination of flsxural properties of an ice cover is therefore essential. Usually such determinations are made from in s~tu cantilever beam tests. Flexural strength and apparent elastic modulus are calculated by means of simple elastic beam theory, which assumes that ice is isotropic and homogeneous, that the root of the beam is rigidly clamped and that there is no buoyant support of the beam by water. None of these assumptions is completely valid however. When cantilever beam tests are anatysed using simple elastic beam theory,

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“…In an earlier paper, Gold (1958) presented evidence \vhich indicated that when ice, at a temperature between 0" C and -40" C, is subject to a uniaxial compression normal to the grain boundaries, there is a relaxation of the shear stress at the grain boundaries. Consider the array of hexagonal grains shown in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cracking Activity in Ice During Creep

Gold¹

1960

Can. J. Phys.

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/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. Physics, 38, 9, pp. 1137Physics, 38, 9, pp. -1148Physics, 38, 9, pp. , 1960 The cracking activity in ice during creep Gold, L. W. Canadian Journal of THE CRACKING ACTIVITY IN ICE DURING CREEP1ABSTRACT Observations were made at one temperature on the cracks that form in ice during creep under constant compressive load. The ice had a hexagonal symmetry with respect to the grain boundaries. The load was applied perpendicular to the lona axis of the grains. A piezoelectric crystal was used to detect the cracking actrvity in the ice.Two stages of cracking were observed. The first occurred during the transient period of tie creep, and ;he plane of these cracks tends to be parafie1 to the grain boundaries and to the direction of the stress. The rate at which these cracks formed decreased very markedly as the creep rate approached a constant value. Above a certain stress, the creep rate continuously increased with time. Under this condition the second stage of cracking was observed. These cracks tend to be more irregular in direction and to occur in planes that are at 45O to the applied stress. INTRODUCTIOSObservations on the elastic and creep behavior of ice under constant compressive stress have been carried out by Brown (1926). At lower stresses he observed a creep rate which, after the initial transient stage, tended to decrease with time to a constant value characteristic of the stress. At a critical stress range, between 190 and 200 p.s.i. for the temperature and load conditions of the experiment, the character of the creep-time curve changed radically from one for which the creep rate decreased with time to one for which it increased with time. The period of observation was never more than 3+ hours.Throughout his paper, Brown refers to internal cracking of the ice and associated audible "crackling" that occurred during a load test. Qualitatively, his comlnents indicate that the intensity of "cracltling" dependson the temperature and on the magnitude of the applied stress.The creep of ice and its general dependence on stress, temperature, and time is similar to that observed for many materials. Glen (1958), in his review of such investigations, found that the minimum observed strain rate is related to the applied stress according to the law: LManuscript

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Some Observations on the Dependence of Strain on Stress for Ice

Abstract: /npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at

Cited by 156 publications

References 3 publications

Elasticity of natural types of polycrystalline ice

Elasticity of natural types of polycrystalline ice

On Measuring Flexural Properties of Ice Using Cantilever Beams

The Cracking Activity in Ice During Creep

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