Some Effects of Sodium Chloride on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Respiration of Twelve Crop Plants

Nieman, R. H.

doi:10.1086/336163

Cited by 121 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…The greatest change was the decrease, caused by increased Pi, on the saline high P treatment. Since a low phosphate potential would favor a high rate of respiration, it is interesting that salinity, with adequate nutrient Pi, does in fact, increase leaf respiration of corn (1) and a number of other species (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Effects of Salinity and Phosphorus Nutrition of the Concentrations of Phosphate and Phosphate Esters in Mature Photosynthesizing Corn Leaves

Nieman¹,

Clark²

1976

Plant Physiol.

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The effects of salinity on corn plants (Zea mays L.) are influenced by the concentration of nutrient orthophosphate. Salinity (-2 bars each of NaCI and CaCI2) was more injurious in combination with a high concentration of orthophosphate (2 mM) (that gave optimum yields in the absence of salinity) than it was with a lower concentration (0.1 mM). With 2 mm orthophosphate, salinity seemed to damage the plant mechanisms that normally regulate the internal concentration of orthophosphate resulting in excessive accumulation and P toxicity. On the other hand, with 0.1 mM orthophosphate, salinity decreased orthophosphate concentration in mature leaves. This effect was paralleled by decreases in the concentration of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and in the energy charge of the adenylate system, indicating an orthophosphate deficit. Even so, plants survived salinity better under these conditions than in the presence of 2 mM orthophosphate. The data indicated that salinity affected the phosphorylated state of the adenine nucleotides only indirectly through its effect on the concentration of orthophosphate in the cells. Salinity, especially in the presence of 2 mM orthophosphate, resulted in an increase in the concentrations of sugar phosphates in mature photosynthesizing leaves, suggesting that translocation rather than photosynthesis was a limiting process. Decreased translocation could be a secondary effect of decreased growth. However, a decreased translocation rate could cause decreased growth by limiting the supply of essential metabolites reaching growing tissues.The recent salinity-fertility studies of Bernstein et al. (7) showed a marked interactive effect of salinity and nutrient Pi on corn plants. Salinity was more deleterious in combination with a high concentration of Pi (2 mM) than with a low concentration (0.05 mM). There occurred a greater reduction in yield and a characteristic leaf injury. The injury seemed to be a result of excessive accumulation of P; other ions did not accumulate sufficiently to account for it. Also, the injury signs were similar to those caused by P toxicity in wheat (8) and barley ( 15). These observations suggested that salinity affected the uptake and utilization of Pi by the plants. Considering the central role of P in cell metabolism, evidence of salt-induced changes in P metabolism might also provide insight regarding the mechanism of salt injury to plants. The work reported here was concerned with the effects of salinity in combination with low and high concentrations of nutrient Pi on the concentrations of Pi and of Pesters2 in mature photosynthesizing corn leaves. Preliminary ' This paper is dedicated to a fellow plant physiologist and friend.Leon Bernstein.2 Abbreviations: F6P: fructose 6-phosphate; FDP: fructose 1 6-diwork showed that salinity, like extremes in P nutrition (9), affected the concentrations of these compounds much more than it did the concentrations of lipid P and nucleic acid P. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Culture. Corn plants (Zea mays L. T-strain Golden...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Effects of Salinity and Phosphorus Nutrition of the Concentrations of Phosphate and Phosphate Esters in Mature Photosynthesizing Corn Leaves

Nieman¹,

Clark²

1976

Plant Physiol.

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“…The chlorophyll content of leaves is different (17), and the ratio of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis is altered (Ref. 16, and Nieman, R., personal communication).…”

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Enzyme Levels in Pea Seedlings Grown on Highly Salinized Media

Weimberg

1970

Plant Physiol.

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The levels of 18 enzymes were determined in leaves, stems, and roots of 11-day-old pea seedlings grown in a liquid medium or in the same medium containing, in addition, 5 atmospheres of either NaCl, KCI, Na2SO4, or K2SO4. Though the plants grown in saline media were stunted, the specific activities of the enzymes were the same in the given tissues of all plants. Also, the electrophoretic pattern of isozymes of malate dehydrogenase was not altered by growth of the plants in a saline medium. However, the isozyme pattern of peroxidase from roots of salt-grown plants was altered in that two of the five detectable isozymes migrated a little more slowly than those in extracts from nonsaline plant tissues.Morphologically, the most typical symptom of saline injury to a plant is retarded growth, resulting in a stunted plant. For instance, in beans and radishes the surface area of a leaf from a plant growing in 3 atm of NaCl is approximately 50% less than that from a plant not subjected to salt insult (Ref. 18, and Nieman, R., personal communication 16-hr photoperiod; daytime temperature of 27 to 28 C and night temperature of 25 C; and light intensities of 3.8 X 104 lux at plant height. Light was provided by a bank of fluorescent plus tungsten bulbs.After 24 hr of growth in 1 atm of salt, salinity was increased to 2 atm. Subsequently, salt was added to the media in 1-atm increments at 12-hr intervals to a maximum of 5 atm. This concentration was selected as the maximal amount because plants growing in 5 atm of NaCl were roughly one-half the height of control plants. The salt concentrations were increased stepwise in order to minimize the effect of osmotic shock. In calculating the amount of salt needed to increase the osmotic pressure of each medium to the desired level, the contribution by the basic medium (one-half Hoagland's solution) of 0.4 atm is ignored. After the seedlings had been growing for 3 days in liquid media, one-half of each medium was replaced with an equivalent volume of a fresh solution of the same composition and osmotic strength. In another 3 days the plants were harvested. The pH of the media throughout the entire 6-day period was maintained between 5 and 6. In the above media, the osmotic pressure refers to the concentration of the added salt. The osmotic pressure contributed by the basic medium (one-half Hoagland's solution) is ignored.Both control plants and saline-grown plants had produced 3 to 4 nodes in the 11-day growth period; thus, the plants were assumed to be of nearly the same physiological age as well as chronological age. Except for differences in plant height and size of leaves, the plants grown under the several saline environments appeared healthy.On

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“…Leaves of affected plants are characteristically small, but often otherwise normal in appearance. They seem to have about the same metabolic capability, in proportion to their size, as normal, mature leaves (16). It has not been established whether their small size is the result of smaller cells or of fewer cells, that is, whether salinity primarily affects cell division or cell enlargement.…”

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“…In postclimacteric tomato fruits the rate of phosphate esterification declines rapidly and reaches zero on the fourth day past the climacteric peak (13). However, highenergy phosphates, predominantly ATP, are present at all stages of ripeness from mature green to soft ripe (16). It has not been reported whether isolated mitochondria from postclimacteric tomatoes retain the ability to phosphorylate.…”

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confidence: 99%