Some Effects of Preservatives on the Development of Bacterial Spores

Parker, M. S.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1969.tb00979.x

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is apparent from the results of studies with phenols (128,148,149,181), formaldehyde (219), alcohols (220), and parabens (157,234). These findings suggest a fairly loose binding of these agents to a site(s) on the spore surface since mere washing is often sufficient to dislodge the inhibitor.…”

Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…It appears to inhibit some reactions in germination before the loss of heat resistance but not the subsequent release of peptidoglycan (223). In contrast, an organomercurial compound, phenylmercuric nitrate, has been shown (148,181) to have little effect on the germination of B. subtilis spores but a pronounced inhibitory effect on outgrowth.…”

Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and cresols, parabens, sorbic acid, and mercuric chloride (2,3,47,66,68,100,128,148,149,156,166,168,171,172,181,190,193,195,198,219,220,223,234; B. M. Lund, Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, London, England, 1962). This inhibition (Table 10) occurs at concentrations that are closely related to those that inhibit the growth of vegetative bacteria.…”

Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

1990

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Bacterial spores are among the most resistant of all living cells to biocides, although the response depends on the stage of sporulation. The development of resistance to some agents such as chlorhexidine occurs much earlier in sporulation than does resistance to glutaraldehyde, which is a very late event. During germination or outgrowth or both, resistance is lost and the cells become as susceptible to biocides as nonsporulating bacteria. Mechanisms of spore resistance to, and the action of, biocides are discussed, and possible means of enhancing antispore activity are considered. The clinical and other uses of sporicidal and sporostatic chemical agents are described.

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Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

1990

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“…Other types of alcohols that give strong inhibition of L L-alanine germination of B. subtilis spores are phenols, with o-chlorocresol being particularly effective (Parker 1969;Sierra 1970;Watanabe and Takesue 1976;Yasuda-Yasaki et al 1978a,b;Yasuda et al 1982). This was also the case for L L-alanine germination of B. subtilis spores with normal or elevated levels of the GerA receptor, and again, up to 400 mmol l )1 KCl or NaCl or a fourfold higher concentration of L L-alanine did not reduce the inhibition of germination by o-chlorocresol (Table 1; and data not shown).…”

Section: Effect Of Alkyl Alcohols O-chlorocresol and Octanoic Acid Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the action of compounds that inhibit the germination of spores of Bacillus species

Cortezzo

Setlow

2004

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims: To determine the mechanism of action of inhibitors of the germination of spores of Bacillus species, and where these inhibitors act in the germination process. Methods and Results: Spores of various Bacillus species are significant agents of food spoilage and foodborne disease, and inhibition of spore germination is a potential means of reducing such problems. Germination of the following spores was studied: (i) wild-type B. subtilis spores; (ii) B. subtilis spores with a nutrient receptor variant allowing recognition of a novel germinant; (iii) B. subtilis spores with elevated levels of either the variant nutrient receptor or its wild-type allele; (iv) B. subtilis spores lacking all nutrient receptors and (v) wild-type B. megaterium spores. Spores were germinated with a variety of nutrient germinants, Ca 2+ -dipicolinic acid (DPA) and dodecylamine for B. subtilis spores, and KBr for B. megaterium spores. Compounds tested as inhibitors of germination included alkyl alcohols, a phenol derivative, a fatty acid, ion channel blockers, enzyme inhibitors and several other compounds. Assays used to assess rates of spore germination monitored: (i) the fall in optical density at 600 nm of spore suspensions; (ii) the release of the dormant spore's large depot of DPA; (iii) hydrolysis of the dormant spore's peptidoglycan cortex and (iv) generation of CFU from spores that lacked all nutrient receptors. The results with B. subtilis spores allowed the assignment of inhibitory compounds into two general groups: (i) those that inhibited the action of, or response to, one nutrient receptor and (ii) those that blocked the action of, or response to, several or all of the nutrient receptors. Some of the compounds in groups 1 and 2 also blocked action of at least one cortex lytic enzyme, however, this does not appear to be the primary site of their action in inhibiting spore germination. The inhibitors had rather different effects on germination of B. subtilis spores with nutrients or non-nutrients, consistent with previous work indicating that germination of B. subtilis spores by nonnutrients does not involve the spore's nutrient receptors. In particular, none of the compounds tested inhibited spore germination with dodecylamine, and only three compounds inhibited Ca 2+ -DPA germination. In contrast, all compounds had very similar effects on the germination of B. megaterium spores with either glucose or KBr. The effects of the inhibitors tested on spores of both Bacillus species were largely reversible. Conclusions: This work indicates that inhibitors of B. subtilis spore germination fall into two classes: (i) compounds (most alkyl alcohols, N-ethylmaleimide, nifedipine, phenols, potassium sorbate) that inhibit the action of, or response to, primarily one nutrient receptor and (ii) compounds [amiloride, HgCl 2 , octanoic acid, octanol, phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF), quinine, tetracaine, tosyl-L L-arginine methyl ester, trifluoperazine] that inhibit the action of, or response to, several nutrient receptors. Action of th...

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“…Determination of the reduction in spore optical density has also been used to assess spore germination. The percent germination can be calculated from the absorbance decrease at 625 nm, a 60% decrease of initial absorbance for intact spores represents 100% germination of the spore population (Vary 1965;Parker 1969;Boschwitz et al 1983;Power et al 1989;Senesi et al 1992;Makino et al 1994). Other methods used to study spore germination include determining the loss of heat resistance during germination (Warth 1978b), or the amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA) released by germinating spores (Janssen et al 1958;Warth 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid staining technique for the detection of the initiation of germination of bacterial spores

Hamouda

Shih

Baker

2002

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Aims: We propose to apply the Wirtz-Conklin staining technique to evaluate spore germination. Methods and Results: Spores at different stages of germination were stained with modified spore stain (Wirtz-Conklin) and evaluated for staining properties. Bacillus spores suspended in deionized water, which does not support germination, stained greenish-blue. Spores suspended in germination enhancers that did not form bacilli stained pink, indicating the initiation of germination. Spores suspended in culture media, which promotes bacterial outgrowth, formed bacilli and were also stained pink. Conclusions: Modified spore stain (Wirtz-Conklin) was found to be useful to detect the initiation of spore germination as early as 30 min following incubation in a germination environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: This simple staining procedure is useful in detecting the initiation of germination of bacterial spores.

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Some Effects of Preservatives on the Development of Bacterial Spores

Cited by 24 publications

References 19 publications

Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

Analysis of the action of compounds that inhibit the germination of spores of Bacillus species

A rapid staining technique for the detection of the initiation of germination of bacterial spores

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