Some Aspects of Sodium-Sulfur Cell Operation

Fally, J.; Lasne, C; Lazennec, Y.; Margotin, P.

doi:10.1149/1.2403249

Cited by 48 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…They reported the conductivity to be sensitive to the presence of moisture below 5,0~ Imai and Harata reported that the a-c conductivity of polycrystalline E-alumina increases with frequency but becomes independent of frequency above 5 MHz at room temperature (12). However, Fally and associates found no frequency dependence up to 105 Hz at 30,0~ (14). Kennedy and Sammells found the conductivity to vary linearly with the square root of frequency at least up to 10 kHz on measurements with polycrystalline material at room temperature (13).…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of the Impedance of Polycrystalline Beta‐Alumina

Powers

Mitoff

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A procedure is described in this paper for distinguishing in the measured electrical properties of polycrystalline ~-alumina, the separate contributions of the grain boundaries and of the crystal, i.e., the grain interiors. This separation is brought about through the use of a model for these properties. Certain quantitative consequences of the model are developed and compared with experimental results. For most sintered ~-alumina ceramic, the electrical properties are determined more by the characteristics of the grain boundaries than by those of the interior of the grains.Polycrystalline E-alumina is used in electrochemical devices to circumvent the deleterious high anisotropy in the electrical and mechanical properties of single crystals. Use of the polycrystalline ceramic does require, however, consideration of the effects of grain boundaries. A procedure is described here for distinguishing in the measured electrical properties of the ceramic, the separate contributions of the grain boundaries and of the crystal, i.e., the interior of the grains. This separation is brought about through the use of a model for the electrical properties of p-alumina. Certain quantitative consequences of this model are developed and compared with experimental results. Previous WorkThe conductivity both of /%alumina :single crystals and of polycrystalline ceramic has already received very considerable attention (1-15). Weber and Kummer reported that E-alumina exhibits high ionic conductivity, but no electronic conductivity (1). The ionic conductivity is due to the high mobility of sodium ions in planes perpendicular to the c-axis of the hexagonal structure. However, there is no conductivity parallel to the c-axis. They reported singlecrystal specific resistivity values of 30 and 3.5 ohm-cm at room temperature and 300~ respectively. Comparable values for polycrystalline ceramic prepared from single-crystal material was 25,0 and 18 ohm-cm. They attributed the difference to interface resistivity between the crystals of the polycrystalline material. The activation energy associated with the resistivity of single crystals was given as 3.8 kcal/mole (2).Imai and Harata, on observing that the activation energy associated with conduction in sintered /~-alumina was considerably larger than for single crystals, concluded that the conductivity of ceramic is governed by grain boundary conduction (4).Jones and Miles found that the Arrhenius ~olot curved significantly below 200~ (5). Another activated process with a higher activation energy controlled the conductivity at lower temperatures. These authors speculated that this process was grain boundary contact resistance.Whittingham and Huggins measured the conductivity of a single crys,tal from --150~ to 820~ (8).They found plots of log ~T to be linear in 1/T over this entire temperature interval. The conductivity was found to be 72 ohm-cm at 25~ The activation energy was 3.79 kcal/mole. They reported the conductivity to be sensitive to the presence of moisture below 5,0~ Imai and Harata repo...

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Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conductivity both of /%alumina :single crystals and of polycrystalline ceramic has already received very considerable attention (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Weber and Kummer reported that E-alumina exhibits high ionic conductivity, but no electronic conductivity (1).…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of the Impedance of Polycrystalline Beta‐Alumina

Powers

Mitoff

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…High currents can be realized from the sulfur electrode under the provision of high electrode surface area and solubility of sulfur in the polysulde at the electrode/melt interface. 81 The highly corrosive environment though constitutes a major issue and limits the selection for current collectors and containers. Molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) and stainless steel (SS) have been tested as current collectors with moderate success due to economic and practical reasons.…”

Section: Ht Nas Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

High and intermediate temperature sodium–sulfur batteries for energy storage: development, challenges and perspectives

2019

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“…The obvious similarity to fuel cells has been noted (26), and cathode management is a growing concern among cell designers. One approach to the problem is to operate the cell only in the single-phase region (25). Unfortunately, this approach dramatically decreases the specific energy of the system.…”

Section: Sodium-sulfur Batteries 219mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium-Sulfur Batteries

Marcoux¹,

Seo²

1975

Advances in Chemistry

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The sodium-sulfur battery is one of the high energy electrochemical devices being developed to store energy. These batteries satisfy the specific energy requirements for both automotive and utility load-leveling applications. Sodium--sulfur cells which use fi-alumina cell dividers have unique properties other than high specific energy, and work is being carried out by many organizations to develop practical battery systems.A growing awareness of the energy requirements of a technologically advanced society coupled to a deepening understanding of the environmental implications of that technology has renewed interest in electrochemical energy storage devices. This interest has manifested itself in a growing effort to develop high energy battery systems for energy storage. These devices will probably be used mainly as batteries for electric vehicles and as load-leveling storage systems for electric utilities.The specific requirements of these two applications differ in several respects, but generally both require long-lifetime, high specific energy batteries which operate in a nonpolluting manner. Specific energy is a prime requirement for vehicular traction applications whether in small urban vehicles or electric railways. A workable goal for this application is a battery which provides a specific energy of 150-200 W-hr/kg. Load leveling-the storage of electrical energy generated during off-peak hours to be used during peak consumption periods-does not impose as stringent a weight requirement. Nonetheless the battery installation must be as compact as possible so that the batteries may be sited at the sub-station, thereby greatly reducing transmission costs. Several electrochemical systems are being developed to meet this requirement.The selection of systems which might be suitable for high specific energy batteries begins with the consideration of chemical periodicity. These purely thermodynamic considerations must of course also be tempered by the limitations of kinetics as well as by the various require-216 Downloaded by EMORY UNIV on August 24, 2015 |

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Some Aspects of Sodium-Sulfur Cell Operation

Cited by 48 publications

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An Analysis of the Impedance of Polycrystalline Beta‐Alumina

An Analysis of the Impedance of Polycrystalline Beta‐Alumina

High and intermediate temperature sodium–sulfur batteries for energy storage: development, challenges and perspectives

Sodium-Sulfur Batteries

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