The sodium-sulfur battery is one of the high energy electrochemical devices being developed to store energy. These batteries satisfy the specific energy requirements for both automotive and utility load-leveling applications. Sodium--sulfur cells which use fi-alumina cell dividers have unique properties other than high specific energy, and work is being carried out by many organizations to develop practical battery systems.A growing awareness of the energy requirements of a technologically advanced society coupled to a deepening understanding of the environmental implications of that technology has renewed interest in electrochemical energy storage devices. This interest has manifested itself in a growing effort to develop high energy battery systems for energy storage. These devices will probably be used mainly as batteries for electric vehicles and as load-leveling storage systems for electric utilities.The specific requirements of these two applications differ in several respects, but generally both require long-lifetime, high specific energy batteries which operate in a nonpolluting manner. Specific energy is a prime requirement for vehicular traction applications whether in small urban vehicles or electric railways. A workable goal for this application is a battery which provides a specific energy of 150-200 W-hr/kg. Load leveling-the storage of electrical energy generated during off-peak hours to be used during peak consumption periods-does not impose as stringent a weight requirement. Nonetheless the battery installation must be as compact as possible so that the batteries may be sited at the sub-station, thereby greatly reducing transmission costs. Several electrochemical systems are being developed to meet this requirement.The selection of systems which might be suitable for high specific energy batteries begins with the consideration of chemical periodicity. These purely thermodynamic considerations must of course also be tempered by the limitations of kinetics as well as by the various require-216 Downloaded by EMORY UNIV on August 24, 2015 |
요 약. 전해연마를 한 지르코늄(Zr)을 가지고 F− 이온이 함유된 무기 전해질과 유기 전해질에서 2 단계 양극산화를 진행하여 산화 지르코늄(ZrO2) 나노 다공성 산화막을 제조하였다. 2 단계 양극산화를 진행하면서 무기 전해질에서보다 유기 전해질에서 만들어진 지르코늄 산화막이 보다 균일한 나노 다공성 산화막을 가지게 되었다. 나노 다공성 산화막의 크기와 구조는 FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), XRD(X-ray diffraction), EDS(energy dispersive spectroscopy)를 이용하여 특성을 분석하였고 형광스펙트럼을 측정하여 ZrO2 나노 다공성 산화막의 형광성을 알아보았다. 주제어: 전기화학, 나노 다공성 산화막, 양극산화, ZrO2ABSTRACT. Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nano porous membranes were fabricated by electrochemical two-step anodization with an electropolished zirconium substrate in inorganic water-based and organic electrolyte systems containing small amounts of fluoride. Using two-step anodization and organic electrolytes, highly regular and ordered nanotubular ZrO2 oxide layers can be compared with aqueous electrolytes. The morphology and size of the nano porous layers were characterized by FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Luminescence properties were investigated by photoluminescence measurements. 이론적 배경ZrO2는 연구가 많이 진행되고 있는 세라믹 물질로 순수 한 ZrO2는 상온에서 단사정계의 구조를 이루는 화합물이 다. 5,6 ZrO2는 매우 낮은 열전도성을 가지고 있기 때문에 고온에서 작동되는 제트 엔진과 디젤 엔진의 열차폐 코
Standardization for the management of mine impacts refers to all acts of establishing and disseminating international or domestic standards, such as test methods, procedures, and guidelines for minimizing hazards that occur during the lifecycle of a mine i.e., from planning and development to closure. Although developing countries, which rely heavily on multinational mine developers for their resource development activities, are aware of the problems of mining damage, they find it challenging to determine whether the reclamation plan proposed by the mine developer is appropriate due to the absence of international standards. Korea proposed the necessity of establishing a standard for mine closure management to ISO. With the establishment of the mine closure and reclamation management subcommittee (SC 7) in 2012, the activities of the Mining Technical Committee (TC 82), which had been dormant after 1962, resumed. The SC 7 developed nine strategies for promoting international standards in 2019 and, based on these, it first established a vocabulary for mine closure and reclamation management (ISO 20305) in 2020. Additionally, the committee reviewed mine closure and reclamation planning (ISO/DIS 21795 part 1 & 2) and abandoned mine management (ISO WD 24419). The establishment of international standards for mine closure and reclamation management will be the cornerstone of sustainable mine development, as the standards can provide guidelines for post-mining activities to stakeholders.
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