Some aspects of intermediary metabolism in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål)

Hines, W. J. W.; Smith, M. J. H.

doi:10.1016/0022-1910(63)90056-8

Cited by 91 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The conversion of carbohydrates, a major component of the insect diet, to lipid in the fat body is well documented (17, 27, 64, 66, 131). The capacity of the fat body for lipogenesis from glucose is much higher than that for glycogen synthesis, which explains the higher content of lipid compared to glycogen in the insect fat body.…”

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Arrese¹,

Soulages²

2010

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

1,883

1,547

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The fat body plays major roles in the life of insects. It is a dynamic tissue involved in multiple metabolic functions. One of these functions is to store and release energy in response to the energy demands of the insect. Insects store energy reserves in the form of glycogen and triglycerides in the adipocytes, the main fat body cell. Insect adipocytes can store a great amount of lipid reserves as cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Lipid metabolism is essential for growth and reproduction and provides energy needed during extended nonfeeding periods. This review focuses on energy storage and release and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms underlying these processes in insects. INSECT FAT BODY: AN OVERVIEWThe insect fat body plays an essential role in energy storage and utilization. It is the central storage depot for excess nutrients. In addition, it is an organ of great biosynthetic and metabolic activity (77). Fat body cells not only control the synthesis and utilization of energy reserves-fat and glycogen-but also synthesize most of the hemolymph proteins and circulating metabolites. Large amounts of relevant proteins, such as storage proteins used as an amino acid reservoir for morphogenesis, lipophorins responsible for the lipid transport in circulation, or vitellogenins for egg maturation, are secreted by the fat body (74). Most of the insect's intermediary metabolism takes place in this organ, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, and amino acid and nitrogen metabolism. Some metabolic processes are stage specific such as the synthesis and secretion of storage proteins into the hemolymph that occur in the feeding larva or the synthesis of vitellogenin in adult insects.To perform multiple metabolic functions to fulfill the changing physiological needs of the insect during development, the fat body must be able to integrate signals from other organs. Many of these functions are hormonally regulated, and thus the fat body is the target organ of several hormones (47,107). At the same time, the fat body responds to the metabolic requirements of the organ itself. Therefore, several metabolic processes in the fat body must be tightly coupled to a number of metabolic pathways.Physiological systems to sense nutrient reserves are expected in all organisms, and in insects nutrient sensing itself appears to be the domain of the fat body (87). Studies of Drosophila melanogaster and, more recently, mosquitoes have shown that the fat body specifically expresses aminoacid transporters that function as nutrient sensors (14,61). The level of nutrient reserves accumulated in the fat body modulates several important aspects of the insect's life such as the rate of insect growth, the timing of metamorphosis, and egg development (87). The fat body coordinates insect growth with metamorphosis or reproduction by storing or releasing components central to these events. For example, the synthesis of vitellogenin in the fat body of Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes is NIH Public Access

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Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Arrese¹,

Soulages²

2010

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

1,883

1,547

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“…The esterification of diglyceride in the presence of diacylglycerol acyltransferase as a catalyst leads to the formation of triglyceride [42,43]. The conversion of carbohydrates present in insect diet into lipid in the insect fat body has been reported elsewhere [42,44,45]. The capacity of fat body for lipid synthesis from carbohydrate is higher than for glycogen synthesis, thus insect fat body contains higher amount of lipid than glycogen [42].…”

Section: Proximate Composition Bsf Prepupae Pressed Cake and Mealmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconversion of organic wastes into biodiesel and animal feed via insect farming

Olivier²,

et al. 2016

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Approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption worldwide is wasted. The current waste management practices are not only costly but also have adverse impact on environment. In this study, black soldier flies (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) was grown on food wastes to produce fat and protein-rich BSF prepupae as a novel strategy for efficient organic waste management. The lipid content in BSF prepupae was characterized for fatty acids profile. The whole BSF prepupae, pressed cake, and meal were analyzed for important animal feed characteristics. BSF-derived oil has high concentration of medium chain saturated fatty acids (67% total fatty acids) and low concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (13% total fatty acids), which makes it potentially an ideal substrate for producing high quality biodiesel. BSF (prepupae, pressed cake, and meal) has feed value comparable to commercial feed sources. Thus, the bioconversion of organic waste into BSF prepupae has significant potential in generating high-value products with simultaneous waste valorization.

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“…The ability of the insect fat body to interconvert metabolites is well demonstrated by the works of Oements (1959) and Hines and Smith (1963) in which locust fat body was incubated with labeled glycine, leucine, acetate, glucose or succinate, leading to the formation of a wide range of labeled products, including Krebs-cycle acids, amino acids, sugars and fats. It bas been observed by Bursell ( 1963) that in flying diptera, e.g., tsetse flies, proline is rapidly removed from the circulation, thus suggesting conversion of the amino acid to carbohydrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gluconeogenesis in the Oriental Hornet Vespa Orientalis F

Ishay¹,

Ikan²

1968

Ecology

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Adults and larvae of the Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis F.) have been fed on C14—labeled protein, derived from Chlorella, in order to determine to what extent such protein may be converted into carbohydrates. Only larvae were found capable of converting the labeled protein. Products of this conversion were the sugars glucose, fructose and sucrose, and also tri— and tetrasaccharides as yet unidentified. It is suggested that this ability of the larvae to carry out gluconeogenesis and the subsequent transfer of the formed sugars to the adults (in saliva droplets) may play an important part in the adult—larva interrelations of various insect societies.

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Some aspects of intermediary metabolism in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål)

Cited by 91 publications

References 8 publications

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Bioconversion of organic wastes into biodiesel and animal feed via insect farming

Gluconeogenesis in the Oriental Hornet Vespa Orientalis F

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