Some Aspects of Epidemiology of Filth Flies: <i>Musca domestica, Musca domestica vicina, Drosophilia melanogaster</i> and Associated Bacteria Pathogens in Ekpoma, Nigeria

Nmorsi, O. P. G.; Agbozele, G E; Ukwandu, N. C. D.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.0539

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For example, inadequate sanitation in the community can cause the release of pathogens into the soil or promote the transport of pathogens through flies. 7 Water runoff, governed by ecological factors such as rain and soil moisture content, may facilitate the spread of these pathogens throughout a community, resulting in contamination of primary water sources. 8,9 Drinking untreated water from these primary sources may result in infection and additional transmission.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Rainfall on Diarrheal Disease Risk Associated with Unimproved Water and Sanitation

Bhavnani

Goldstick

Cevallos

et al. 2014

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Diarrheal disease remains a leading cause of morbidity in areas with limited access to safe water and sanitation. As water and sanitation interventions continue to be implemented, it will be important to understand the ecological context in which they can prevent diarrhea. We conducted six serial case control studies in Ecuador to estimate the risk of diarrhea from unimproved water and sanitation and the potential for effect modification by rainfall. Unimproved water source and unimproved sanitation increased the adjusted odds of diarrhea (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.7-7.8 and OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.5, respectively). The OR associated with an unimproved water source was highest after maximum rainfall (OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.9-24.5), whereas the OR associated with unimproved sanitation was highest after minimal rainfall (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.3-6.6). Our finding that use of safe water sources and improved sanitation facilities are most protective under opposing rainfall conditions highlights the need for integrated interventions to reduce the burden of diarrheal disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Rainfall on Diarrheal Disease Risk Associated with Unimproved Water and Sanitation

Bhavnani

Goldstick

Cevallos

et al. 2014

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…(4,5,7), Shigella spp. (4,5,(8)(9)(10), Vibrio cholerae (4,9), Escherichia coli, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli (4,5,7,8,(11)(12)(13), Bacillus cereus (8), Cryptosporidium spp. (3,(14)(15)(16), Giardia lamblia (3), and rotavirus (17).…”

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Environmental Factors Associated with High Fly Densities and Diarrhea in Vellore, India

Collinet-Adler

Babji

Francis

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Diarrhea causes significant morbidity and mortality in Indian children under 5 years of age. Flies carry enteric pathogens and may mediate foodborne infections. In this study, we characterized fly densities as a determinant of infectious diarrhea in a longitudinal cohort of 160 urban and 80 rural households with 1,274 individuals (27% under 5 years of age) in Vellore, India. Household questionnaires on living conditions were completed at enrollment. Fly abundance was measured during the wet and dry seasons using fly ribbons placed in kitchens. PCRs for enteric bacteria, viruses, and protozoa were performed on 60 fly samples. Forty-three (72%) fly samples were positive for the following pathogens: norovirus (50%), Salmonella spp. (46.7%), rotavirus (6.7%), and Escherichia coli (6.7%). Ninety-one episodes of diarrhea occurred (89% in children under 5 years of age). Stool pathogens isolated in 24 of 77 (31%) samples included E. coli, Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and rotavirus. Multivariate log-linear models were used to explore the relationships between diarrhea and fly densities, controlling for demographics, hygiene, and human-animal interactions. Fly abundance was 6 times higher in rural than urban sites (P < 0.0001). Disposal of garbage close to homes and rural living were significant risk factors for high fly densities. The presence of latrines was protective against high fly densities and diarrhea. The adjusted relative risks of diarrheal episodes and duration of diarrhea, associated with fly density at the 75th percentile, were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.34) and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.29), respectively. Flies harbored enteric pathogens, including norovirus, a poorly documented pathogen on flies. Diarrhea has been shown to be the cause of death of over 10% of Indian children under the age of 5 (1). Transmission of infectious diarrhea is fecal to oral, with zoonotic and/or anthroponotic cycles depending on the pathogen. Environmental factors that appear to be associated with the epidemiology of enteric pathogens include a wide range of events and processes. These include strong seasonal patterns, such as rain events, temperature extremes, soil and water ammonia levels, soil characteristics and vegetation cover, proximity of infective feces to water and food supplies ultimately used for human consumption, type of water disinfection used and the use of untreated or undertreated wastewater for agricultural irrigation, predation and sequestration of pathogens by invertebrates, pathogen reservoir characteristics, such as number and age of animals in direct and indirect contact with water and food supplies, and pathogen transport by flies and other flying insects (2).Flies are known to carry enteric pathogens, and it is thought that some foodborne transmission of enteric infections may be mediated by flies (3). Enteropathogens previously isolated from flies in field and laboratory experiments include Campylobacter

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“…Some non-biting flying insects, particularly the common housefly (Musca domestica), have sporadically been described as possible mechanical vectors of agents of nosocomial infections because they may carry human pathogens and also due to their ubiquity including in the hospital environments [1][2][3][4] .…”

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“…We observed that flying insects were present in all rooms of the pediatric ward selected for sampling insects and also inside the neonatal-ICU. Likewise, other studies conducted in different countries have demonstrated that dipteran insects can be found inside hospitals [1][2][3][4] . Smarova et al 7 found several other synanthropic arthropods inside several wards of a hospital but the most frequent were cockroaches and dipterans.…”

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Non-biting flying insects as carriers of pathogenic bacteria in a Brazilian hospital

Kappel

Oliveira

Silva

et al. 2013

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Insects have been described as mechanical vectors of nosocomial infections. Methods: Non-biting flying insects were collected inside a pediatric ward and neonatal-intensive care unit (ICU) of a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Results: Most (86.4%) of them were found to carry one or more species of bacteria on their external surfaces. The bacteria isolated were Gram-positive bacilli (68.2%) or cocci (40.9%), and Gram-negative bacilli (18.2%). Conclusions: Insects collected inside a hospital were carrying pathogenic bacteria; therefore, one must consider the possibility they may act as mechanical vectors of infections, in especially for debilitated or immune-compromised patients in the hospital environments where the insects were collected.Keywords: Microorganisms. Insecta. Public Health.Some non-biting flying insects, particularly the common housefly (Musca domestica), have sporadically been described as possible mechanical vectors of agents of nosocomial infections because they may carry human pathogens and also due to their ubiquity including in the hospital environments 1-4 .In Brazil, there are some reports showing that ants and cockroaches harbor pathogens in hospitals 5,6 , but there is no report on non-biting flying insects. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on the external surface of flying insects collected inside a Brazilian health care institution.Flying insects were randomly collected in eight rooms of a pediatric ward and a neonatal intensive care unit (neonatal-ICU) of a Brazilian tertiary-care teaching hospital that has 290 beds. The insects were caught during their flight during different nights. Each insect collected was placed alive on to a 5% sheep blood agar plate, allowing contact of its external surface with the culture medium. After removing the insect using sterile forceps, the plate was incubated at 37 o C under aerobic conditions and was examined daily for bacterial growth. The insect samples were preserved in alcohol and subjected to entomological examination.The morphology of isolated bacteria was observed using Gram staining. The Gram-positive cocci (GPC) or Grampositive bacilli (GPB) were separately cultured on sheep blood agar and the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) on MacConkey agar for further identification in species by using standard bacteriological procedures.A total of 22 flying insects were collected: 5 (22.7%) were caught inside the neonatal-ICU and 17 (77.3%) in different rooms of the pediatric ward. They belonged to Diptera Linné,

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Some Aspects of Epidemiology of Filth Flies: Musca domestica, Musca domestica vicina, Drosophilia melanogaster and Associated Bacteria Pathogens in Ekpoma, Nigeria

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Impact of Rainfall on Diarrheal Disease Risk Associated with Unimproved Water and Sanitation

Impact of Rainfall on Diarrheal Disease Risk Associated with Unimproved Water and Sanitation

Environmental Factors Associated with High Fly Densities and Diarrhea in Vellore, India

Non-biting flying insects as carriers of pathogenic bacteria in a Brazilian hospital

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