Solvent-free esterification of stearic acid and ethylene glycol with heterogeneous catalysis in a stirred batch microwave reactor

Hiware, Suwarna Bharat; Gaikar, Vilas G.

doi:10.1007/s42452-020-2486-9

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…The analysis of the signals was based on the studies of [ 26 , 27 ]. Figure 4 shows selected bands of the 1 H NMR spectra of UCO and the transesterification products: ( L ) δ 5.24–5.30 ppm (glyceryl group in TG ROCH 2 -C H (OR′)-CH 2 OR″), ( M ) δ 5.07–5.11 ppm (glyceryl group in 1,2-DG ROCH 2 -C H (OR′)-CH 2 OH), ( N ) δ 4.89–4.93 ppm (glyceryl group in 2-MG HOCH 2 -C H (OR)-CH 2 OH), ( O ) [ 28 ] δ 4.27 ppm (methylene protons in ethylene glycol diester -O-C H 2 -C H 2 -O-), ( P ) δ 4.22–4.27 ppm (methylene protons of ethylene glycol monoester -O-C H 2 -CH 2 -OH), ( Q ) δ 4.22–4.27 ppm (glyceryl group in 1-MG ROC H 2 -CHOH-CH 2 OH), ( R ) δ 3.89–3.93 ppm glyceryl group in 1-MG ROCH 2 -CHO H -CH 2 OH), ( S ) δ 3.80–3.82 ppm (glyceryl group in 2-MG HOC H 2 -CH(OR)-C H 2 OH), ( T ) δ 3.76–3.72 ppm glyceryl group in 1,2DG ROCH 2 -CH(OR′)-C H 2 OH, ( U ) δ 3.71–3.66 ppm glyceryl group on 1-MG ROCH 2 -CHOH- CH 2 OH and ( V ) δ 3.59–3.69 ppm methylene protons of ethylene glycol monoester -CH 2 -C H 2 -OH).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Various Catalysts on Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil and Foaming Processes of Polyurethane Systems

2022

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The search for new sources of raw materials that can be used in the synthesis of polyurethanes and other polymer groups is extremely important. Currently, according to the principles of green chemistry and a circular economy, waste materials with a high reuse potential are being sought. This article presents a way of obtaining used-cooking-oil-based compounds capable of participating in the reaction of polyurethane creation. The transesterification reaction can be carried out using a variety of homo- and heterogeneous acid or base catalysts. Here, we looked at the impact of selected catalysts on the course of transesterification reactions, the composition of the post-reaction mixture and the possibility of using the products in polyurethane foam synthesis. The raw materials and the products were analyzed by means of gel permeation chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy and 1H NMR. The polyurethane foam formation process was analyzed using a FOAMAT® apparatus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Various Catalysts on Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil and Foaming Processes of Polyurethane Systems

2022

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“…On the other hand, stearic acid is a natural fatty acid derived from natural resources with exceptional thermal properties. Several esterification methods have been suggested in the literature using organic solvents in combination with acids, enzymes, and heterogeneous catalysts. − Nevertheless, the use of acids and organic solvents is not environmentally friendly, and the products obtained are a mixture of various constituents. Second, enzymes add up to the overall cost of the method, and the handling of enzymes is hectic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Nanoencapsulation of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Distearates Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage and Release

Kumar

Jain

Tripathi

2020

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Phase change materials (PCMs) are essential candidates for thermal energy storage and management. In this work, a library of PCMs with a wide range of phase transition temperatures and latent heat storage capacities was synthesized using green and catalyst-free esterification reactions of stearic acid with different molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In this process, the phase transition temperature and phase change enthalpies of synthesized PCMs were easily tuned by changing the molecular weight of PEG. The resultant PEG-distearates showed melting temperature in the range of 34.8−52.9 °C, with the latent heat storage capacities ranging from 121.5 to 145.1 J/g, depending on the molecular weight of PEG. These PCMs have a pleasant odor, do not undergo sublimation during their heating process, and are noncorrosive. Furthermore, to enhance its practical applicability, the PEG-distearate synthesized with PEG having 6000 MW (E6000) was nanoencapsulated into a thin silica shell using a miniemulsion-assisted sol−gel method. The nanoencapsulated E6000@SiO 2 showed excellent phase change performance with more than 48% encapsulation efficiency, 100% of heat storage capacity, and more than 98% retention of heat storage capacity after continuous 50 cycles of heating and cooling.

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“…The reaction mechanism for the formation of the di-ester, as in Fig. 3, is analogous to the di-esterification of ethylene glycol [38][39].…”

Section: Characterization Of 2-hydroxyethyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of 2-Hydroxyethyl Esters from Castor Oil as Lubrication Bio-Additive Candidates for Low-Sulfur Fossil Diesel

et al. 2022

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The present work aims to study the synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl esters from castor oil and its lubrication properties, promising as a lubrication bio-additive in low sulfur diesel fuel. This compound has been successfully synthesized from castor oil and ethylene glycol. The oil to ethylene glycol molar ratio was adjusted to 1:10, and the catalyst loading was used at 9% mole oil. Then, the mixture was refluxed for 5 h. The product components were characterized using GC-MS. The standard ASTM method was used to study the kinematic viscosity and lubrication. The product was dominated by 2-hydroxyethyl esters (94.16%), di-ester (1.12%), and cyclic ester (1.92%). The analysis of friction coefficient and wear scar diameter (WSD) using High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) shows the coefficient of friction and WSD of the product better than reference diesel fuel. From the results of this study, the 2-hydroxyethyl ester of castor oil, especially 2-hydroxyethyl ricinoleate, is the main responsible for the lubricating properties. Thus, 2-hydroxyethyl esters of castor oil can be proposed as an alternative bio-additive to improve the lubrication of low-sulfur fossil diesel fuels.

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Solvent-free esterification of stearic acid and ethylene glycol with heterogeneous catalysis in a stirred batch microwave reactor

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Impact of Various Catalysts on Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil and Foaming Processes of Polyurethane Systems

Impact of Various Catalysts on Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil and Foaming Processes of Polyurethane Systems

Synthesis and Nanoencapsulation of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Distearates Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage and Release

Synthesis of 2-Hydroxyethyl Esters from Castor Oil as Lubrication Bio-Additive Candidates for Low-Sulfur Fossil Diesel

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