Solvent Extraction of Cotton Wax

Kettering, James H.; Goldthwait, Charles F.; Kraemer, Rita M.

doi:10.1177/004051754601601204

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Extraction with 95% ethanol is known to remove wax from cotton fiber [ 10,25,28,47]. The level of ethanol extractable materials is not changed with processing, even though the wax content of the lint should decrease with washing, bleaching, and scouring.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analyses of Washed, Bleached, and Scoured and Bleached Cotton Fiber

Domelsmith

Berni

Cocke

1986

Textile Research Journal

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The chemical compositions of four cottons from a 1982 washed cotton study conducted by the Industry/Government/Union Task Force for Byssinosis Prevention were established by proximate and elemental analyses. The four cotton samples were an unwashed control grown in Mississippi and the corresponding washed, bleached, and scoured/bleached processed cottons. The proximate analyses consisted of serial solvent extractions that furnished data on moisture, water extractables, ethanol extractables, ethanolamine extractables, cellulose, and insoluble residue. Ash production was also measured for the four cotton lint samples. Elemental analyses were performed by x-ray fluorescence for potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur, and by Kjeldahl analysis for nitrogen. The analyses demonstrate that the water wash and the scouring procedure are responsible for substantially increasing the purity of the cotton fiber. The level of water extractables was reduced by the water washing process, while the level of ethanolamine extractables was reduced by the scouring process. The washed cotton sample contained much smaller amounts of potassium and magnesium compounds than the unwashed control. Ash was reduced to approximately the same level by each of the washing processes.The nitrogen and calcium contents dropped steadily with increasing severity of processing conditions. The changes in chemical composition of cotton lint on processing are related to the layered structured of the cotton fiber. The Cotton Quality Research Station, USDA, and the Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, NIOSH, have determined the effects that dusts from these cottons have on pulmonary function in a group of human volunteers through measurements of the change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) on exposure to dust generated by carding the cotton samples. All three processed cottons were considerably less active than the unwashed control. Many of the chemical composition parameters showed a marked decrease with water washing alone.In 1973, Merchant and co-workers reported a series oaf experiments demonstrating that thorough washing of cotton prior to carding in a textile mill completely eliminated the biological activity of card dust in a human panel [30]. They also found that carding washed cotton generated a lower fine dust concentration (0.16 mg/m3) than carding raw cotton (0.89 Mg/M3), but the washed cotton was difficult to process in the mill. Since that time, human challenge experiments with dust from a variety of washed and raw cottons have shown that washing cotton prior to carding substantially reduces its ability to cause lung function decrements [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 31, 34, 39], while processing experiments have corroborated the work of Merchant et al. in decreased dust production by washed cotton [5, 23, 26, 27, 36, , 37, 39, 45]. The Cotton Quality Research Station, USDA, Clemson, South Carolina and the Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia, have conducted several washed c...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analyses of Washed, Bleached, and Scoured and Bleached Cotton Fiber

Domelsmith

Berni

Cocke

1986

Textile Research Journal

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“…Thirty milliliters (10 times the sample weight) of n-hexane were taken as a solvent into a Soxhlet apparatus. Heat was applied in such a fashion that siphoning occurred at certain intervals between 3 and 4 min (Kettering, Goldthwait, & Kraemer, 1946;Liauw et al, 2008). Then, all extracts were transferred to a beaker, followed by solvent removal and drying of the residue to a constant weight at 105 C + 1 C.…”

Section: Wax Content Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical-Free Scouring and Bleaching of Cotton Knit Fabric for Optimum Dyeing Performance

Hannan

Haque

Kabir

et al. 2019

Clothing and Textiles Research Journal

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The current work endeavored to avoid chemicals during scouring and bleaching of cotton knit fabric in order to introduce a green method. Single jersey single lacoste knit fabrics were treated in water at 105 °C, 120 °C, and 130 °C for 20, 40, and 60 min at reduced process stage. Fourier transform infrared data revealed the weakening and shifting of typical bands of wax and pectin-based cotton impurities in the region of 1,740–1,200 cm−1 for the pretreated samples at 130 °C for 20 min. Color difference (Color Measurement Committee ΔE) was found within the acceptable range for 1.5% and 1% dyed samples when treated at 105 °C for 20 min, while 0.5% dyed samples required 130 °C for 20 min to achieve the desired range. The ratings for color fastness to washing, perspiration, and rubbing were 4–5 for all the chemical-free pretreated samples. The proposed process yielded better strength and dimensional stability compared to the conventionally pretreated samples.

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“…Interestingly, both the enzymes showed the maximum activity at 60°C, after which protease obtained from B. cerus showed lower activities at all the temperatures compared to the proteases of B. licheniformis (Figure 3). The optimum temperature shown by these proteases is closer to the average melting point of the cotton wax (Kettering, Goldthwait, & Kraemer, 1946), and is expected to facilitate the removal of wax or disrupt the continuous waxy layer, improve wettability of the fabrics. …”

Section: Optimum Ph and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic bacterial proteases fromBacillusspecies as an alternative agent for scouring of cotton fabrics

Sreelakshmi¹,

Vasanthi²,

Saravanan³

2013

Journal of The Textile Institute

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Protease production by Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cerus sources follows similar profiles with marginal differences in activity levels (690, 648 U/mL/min, respectively). Optimum pH values of proteases were closer to the neutral at 60°C. Lower scouring efficiency was observed in proteases produced by B. cerus compared to that of B. licheniformis, in terms of weight loss (4.0 and 3.34%), drop absorbency (1.59 and 3.28 s), extractable impurities (2.03 and 2.82%) and Ruthenium red binding (35 and 43%). Reduction in the tear strength was observed in protease-scoured samples compared to the alkali-scoured samples. FTIR results showed the elimination of nitrogen-containing compounds related to proteins, while the peaks related to wax, pectin were present in the scoured cotton samples.

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Solvent Extraction of Cotton Wax

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Chemical Analyses of Washed, Bleached, and Scoured and Bleached Cotton Fiber

Chemical Analyses of Washed, Bleached, and Scoured and Bleached Cotton Fiber

Chemical-Free Scouring and Bleaching of Cotton Knit Fabric for Optimum Dyeing Performance

Acidic bacterial proteases fromBacillusspecies as an alternative agent for scouring of cotton fabrics

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