Solvent‐Assisted Low‐Temperature Crystallization of SnO₂ Electron‐Transfer Layer for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

A high-quality polycrystalline SnO 2 electron-transfer layer is synthesized through an in situ, low-temperature, and unique butanol-water solventassisted process. By choosing a mixture of butanol and water as a solvent, the crystallinity is enhanced and the crystallization temperature is lowered to 130 °C, making the process fully compatible with flexible plastic substrates. The best solar cells fabricated using these layers achieve an efficiency of 20.52% (average 19.02%) which is among the best in the class of planar n-ip-type perovskite (MAPbI 3 ) solar cells. The strongly reduced crystallization temperature of the materials allows their use on a flexible substrate, with a resulting device efficiency of 18%.

A review on graphene based transition metal oxide composites and its application towards supercapacitor electrodes

“…Tin oxide has fascinating properties like high power density and low cost which expands its applications in various areas for instance lithium ion batteries, solar cells, sensors and super-capacitors [106][107][108][109]. However poor charge transportation and less electrical conductivity makes its uses limited [110]. To improve these characteristics we need to create composite material of SnO 2 with graphene.…”

Stretchable Perovskite Solar Cells with Recoverable Performance

“…[6,7] Bendable and stretchable PSC devices are more practically suited to commercial applications compared to rigid silicon-based solar cells in grid-connected photovoltaics. [8][9][10][11][12][13] However, printable PSCs based on flexible substrates should reproduce the high performance obtained with rigid devices,w hile simultaneously maintaining excellent mechanical bendable and stretchable stabilities. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Challengingly,perovskite films on flexible substrate are naturally brittle and possess poor crystallinity and numerous grain boundaries.…”

Bio-inspired vertebral design for scalable and flexible perovskite solar cells

“…So far, compared with the rigid devices as replacers for silicon-based solar cells, the flexible PSCs demonstrate extensively commercial potentials in the near future, such as wearable electronics, intelligent vehicles, and building-integrated photovoltaics. However, flexible PSCs face the translation from the lab-scale devices via spin-coating to the largearea modules by printing method with nonnegligible performance loss, which mainly hampers the practical applications [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . In particular, the issues of perovskite crystal growth and defects passivation on flexible substrate are magnified when increasing the device area.…”