Solubility of Sodium Naphthalene Disulfonate in Aqueous Solutions of Sulfuric Acid

Zhao, Hongkun; Fang, Zhang

doi:10.1021/je100020v

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…The experimental solubility data of CNTNa in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions are listed in Table S1, in which T exp is the measured absolute temperature, m 1 is molality solubility of CNTNa in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions, and w 2 0 is the solute-free mass fraction of sulfuric acid in the mixture of solvents. The modified Apelblat equation has been used as an empirical equation in many previously published studies of SLE data in the sulfuric acid system. , In this study, the modified Apelblat equation was used to correlate the experimental data of CNTNa.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improvement of the Nitration Process in 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid Synthesis

Han

Liu

et al. 2015

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The nitration process as one step in 2-amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid synthesis was improved by optimizing nitration reaction conditions, improving product separation method to eliminate salty scrap acid and cycle use of the concentrated sulfuric acid. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, quality of fuming sulfuric acid, quality of fuming nitric acid, and reaction time was studied for optimization of the nitration reaction condition. In the optimum conditions, the mass ratio of fuming sulfuric acid to sodium 2-chlorotoluene-4-sulfonate and molar ratio of fuming nitric acid to sodium 2-chlorotoluene-4-sulfonate were 4 and 1.05, respectively. The reaction temperature was −5 °C, and the time of reaction was 3 h. By applying the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of nitration reaction was increased to 91%, larger than that of the current industrial process whose yield is only 65.7%. The solubilities of sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonate in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions were determined by a dynamic method, and the results showed that the lowest sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonate solubility was exhibited in 0.7 mass fraction aqueous sulfuric acid solutions. So the product sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonate of nitration reaction was separated by filtration from 0.7 mass fraction aqueous sulfuric acid solutions, and the obtained concentrated aqueous sulfuric acid solution was reused.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modified Apelblat equation has been used as an empirical equation in many previously published studies of SLE data in the sulfuric acid system. 23,24 In this study, the modified Apelblat equation was used to correlate the experimental data of CNTNa.…”

Section: A New Strategy For Nitration Process In Clt Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the Nitration Process in 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid Synthesis

Han

Liu

et al. 2015

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…The modified Apelblat model is widely used in the correlation process of solubility, ,− which could be expressed as where A , B , and C are dimensionless parameters and T represents the value of thermodynamic temperature in experiment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility Behavior and Thermodynamic Analysis of Bisphenol A in 14 Different Pure Solvents

et al. 2020

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The solubility of bisphenol A in 14 different pure solvents (N,N-dimethylformamide, formamide, acetone, 1,4dioxane, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, and 2butanol) was measured at T = (273.15−313.15) K under atmospheric pressure using a laser dynamic method. The experimental data of bisphenol A were correlated by modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, nonrandom two-liquid model and Wilson model, and the fitting results showed that the modified Apelblat equation gave the best correlation with the experimental results. The thermodynamic functions of bisphenol A in 14 pure solvents, such as dissolution enthalpy (Δ mix H), Gibbs energy (Δ mix G), and dissolution entropy (Δ mix S), were obtained from the Wilson model. The results of the Δ mix G < 0 and Δ mix H < 0 indicated that the dissolution process of bisphenol A in selected solvents was exothermic and spontaneous. The values of γ 1 ∞ and γ 1 were not close, indicating that bisphenol A in selected solvent solution systems was nonideal.

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“…In concluding this section, we add that there are chromatographic features evident in some of the elution profiles in Figure 2, which are attributed largely to fronting; there may also be a small contribution from trace solute impurities (aromatic disulfonates are very difficult to purify). 56 These features, however, do not have an impact on the analysis and interpretation of the electrosorption thermodynamics that follow.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Adsorption Thermodynamics at Electrified Liquid–Solid Interfaces by Electrochemically Modulated Liquid Chromatography

Ponton

Keller

Siperko³

et al. 2019

J. Phys. Chem. C

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A method to investigate electrosorption thermodynamics has been developed by the examination of the temperature dependence of solute retention by means of electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography (EMLC). This hybrid technique couples electrochemistry and liquid chromatography, which enables the manipulation of solute retention through changes in the potential applied (E app) to a conductive stationary phase like glassy carbon, porous graphitic carbon, and boron-doped diamond. An understanding of the thermodynamics of the EMLC separation mechanism would further the interpretations of the rules to predict retention, which may also provide fundamental insights into sorption processes and the structure of the electrical double layer of importance to a number of other technologies (e.g., battery and fuel cells). This paper describes a study in which the dependence of retention for two naphthalene disulfonates (1,5- and 2,6-naphthalene disulfonates) was measured at different fixed values of E app [−200 to +200 mV vs Ag/AgCl (sat’d NaCl)] for a glassy carbon chromatographic packing that was held at several different thermally equilibrated column temperatures (22–55 °C). These data were analyzed using the van’t Hoff relationship to determine the enthalpic and entropic contributions to Gibb’s free energy for the transfer of a solute between the mobile and stationary phases. The results for both solutes showed that (1) the retention increased as E app moved to more positive values, (2) the retention at each value of E app became smaller as the column temperature increased, and (3) the dependence of retention on temperature was stronger as the value of E app became more negative. The first and second observations follow expectations for the dependence of the electrostatic interaction strength for anionic solutes on the charge on the electrode surface and for the temperature dependence of the exothermic transfer of a solute from the mobile phase to the stationary phase, respectively. The third observation indicates that retention actually becomes more endothermic as the value of E app becomes more positive, which should conceptually cause a decrease rather than an increase in retention. This points to the somewhat surprising importance of entropy to the overall retention mechanism. That is, the increase in retention at increasingly positive values of E app reflects the fact that the increase in the entropy for solute transfer has a stronger contribution to the transfer process than the concomitant increase in the endothermicity of transfer. The paper concludes by briefly examining mechanistic origins for the thermodynamic behavior of this system within the context of the electrical double-layer theory and the hydrophobic effect, and possible applications of this intriguing development as a tool for the investigation of electrosorption processes in energy, colloidal, and bioanalytical systems.

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Solubility of Sodium Naphthalene Disulfonate in Aqueous Solutions of Sulfuric Acid

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Improvement of the Nitration Process in 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid Synthesis

Improvement of the Nitration Process in 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid Synthesis

Solubility Behavior and Thermodynamic Analysis of Bisphenol A in 14 Different Pure Solvents

Investigation of Adsorption Thermodynamics at Electrified Liquid–Solid Interfaces by Electrochemically Modulated Liquid Chromatography

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