Solubility, Extraction, and Nanoparticles Production in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Mini‐Review

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) is CO2 that is stored beyond its critical point of 7.4 MPa and 31.1 °C. Given the request for consumption of a green solvent for the environment, SC‐CO2 is widely utilized in chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. To design material and drug production processes using supercritical fluid (SCF) technology, knowledge of their solubility is important. Temperature and pressure are the main factors in the study of solubility. Solubility data are then evaluated using equation of state, semi‐empirical, and intelligence models to establish suitable correlations. SC‐CO2 is one of the most important materials used in SCFs to study solubility. Another application of SC‐CO2 is in the field of material extraction to reduce the consumption of organic solvents. Nanoparticles production in drug industry is another advantage of SC‐CO2. Micro and nanoparticles can be produced using SCF techniques. In this review, the applications of SC‐CO2 in drug solubility, extraction of valuable materials, and nanoparticles production for pharmaceutical processes are reported and discussed. Finally, the main challenges are explained.

Extraction and Emulsification of Carotenoids from Carrot Pomaces Using Oleic Acid

“…The fixed parameters of UAE were 20 mL/g of LSR, 30 °C, 15 min, and 300 W. When one factor changed, the other was set at the above-mentioned conditions or the results of the previous section. The mixture was treated by ultrasound under different liquid-to-solid ratios (LSR at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mL/g), ultrasonic power (0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750W), temperature (30−80 °C with the interval of 10 °C), and extraction time (5,10,15,30,50,70, and 90 min). The carotenoid content (CC) in the extracts is used to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic conditions.…”

“…Conventional extraction techniques are commonly used to recover bioactive components from materials, such as wild thyme and watermelon rind. , Nevertheless, the disadvantages of conventional methods are the overuse of solvents, leading to high energy usage and low extraction yield . The novel extraction approach, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), employs the supercritical state of a substance to extract bioactive compounds from plants . Supercritical fluids possess liquid properties (solubilization ability, viscosity, and surface tension) and gas properties (diffusivity).…”

“…In the SFE process, the cell membrane is partially disrupted as the solvents permeate the plant matrix. This phenomenon improves mass transfer, increasing the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds . The SFE was applied to recover essential oil from Eryngium billardieri , oil from Ferulago angulata , Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss, Dracocephalum kotschyi seeds, Pistacia khinjuk , Portulaca oleracea seed, and omega-3 from D. kotschyi seeds. − However, the drawback of this technique is high running and investment costs .…”

Solubility of palbociclib in supercritical carbon dioxide from experimental measurement and Peng–Robinson equation of state

“…To obtain the solubility of solid substances in ScCO 2 within a wide range of temperature and pressure, substantial numbers of correlative and predictive tools have been proposed during recent decades 27 , which are primarily classified into three categories including equations of state [28][29][30] , empirical and semi-empirical models 12,31 and artificial intelligence models [32][33][34] . This study measured palbociclib solubility in ScCO 2 and correlated the obtained data set by ten semi-empirical models and three integrated Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) based models along with evaluating the accuracy of each approach.…”

Comprehensive Volumetric Property of Eco-Friendly Pressurized Fluids by Experimental, Theoretical Modeling, and MD Simulation for Sustainable Oil Extraction from Waste Rice Bran

“…Recently, environmentally friendly manufacturing methods have gained popularity in various industrial processes, including those that involve pressurized liquids, gas-expanded liquids, and supercritical fluids. − Supercritical CO 2 (sc-CO 2 ) distinguishes itself with increased diffusivity, reduced viscosity, and liquid-like density. These characteristics make it highly advantageous for addressing practical challenges in numerous applications, including essential oil extraction, − solubility measurement, − nanoparticle formation, − impregnation, , mathematical modeling, , and polymer synthesis . CO 2 -expanded liquid (CXL) is formed by mixing CO 2 with an organic liquid, resulting in properties that lie between those of pure organic liquids and CO 2 .…”