Solid-state poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofoams. Part II: Low-temperature solid-state process space using CO2 and the resulting morphologies

Guo, Huimin; Nicolae, Andrei; Kumar, Vipin

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.031

Cited by 63 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…For materials like PEI, the critical concentration is similar to the PPSU one, between 9.4% and 11% [12] while there are polymers that need higher gas concentrations in order to lead nanocells. For instance, for PMMA the critical concentration is between 30.1% and 32.6% [4], and for PC this value is between 15.9% and 18.9% of gas uptake [6].…”

Section: Influence Of the Saturation Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, it is well known than poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and copolymers based on PMMA can be used to produce nanocellular foams [2] using the socalled solid state foaming method [3]. Different foaming conditions can be used to obtain nanocells between 20 and 200 nm and relative densities around 0.4-0.5 [4,5]. For polycarbonate (PC) systems, Guo et al [6] obtained cell sizes of the order of 20 nm and relative densities around 0.6 working with low saturation temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and characterization of nanocellular polyphenylsulfone foams

2016

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a b s t r a c t Nanocellular foams have been produced by means of a gas dissolution process using polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) as matrix polymer. Cell sizes in the range 20-30 nm and cell nucleation densities higher than 10 15 cm À 3 have been achieved for materials with relative densities in the range 0.65-0.75. The influence of both saturation pressure and foaming temperature has been studied. On the one hand, it has been proved that there is a large influence of the amount of gas (CO 2 ) absorbed in the final cellular structure, in fact it has been found a critical CO 2 uptake between 9% and 9.5% at which the cell sizes evolve from the micro to the nanoscale. On the other hand, it has been found that there is a wide range of foaming parameters (foaming time and foaming temperature) in which nanocellular foams can be produced.

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Section: Influence Of the Saturation Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterization of nanocellular polyphenylsulfone foams

2016

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“…The pressure drop rates in these experiments were 15 MPa/s, 56 MPa/s and 100 MPa/s, respectively. For this study, foaming has been [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] carried out at 80°C during 2 min. Secondly the effect of the foaming temperature has been analysed by fixing the saturation pressure to 10 MPa, varying the foaming temperature from 80°C to 110°C, keeping, once again, 2 min as foaming time.…”

Section: Gas Dissolution Foaming Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the production of nanocellular materials using homogeneous systems usually requires extreme saturation conditions so as to obtain the high cell nucleation densities required. For instance, for polycarbonate (PC) [10], polysulfone (PSU) [11] and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [12]. Guo and coworkers [12] obtained cell sizes as low as 20 nm working with extremely low saturation temperatures (−30°C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, for polycarbonate (PC) [10], polysulfone (PSU) [11] and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [12]. Guo and coworkers [12] obtained cell sizes as low as 20 nm working with extremely low saturation temperatures (−30°C). Martin-de Leon et al [13] obtained low density nanocellular PMMA foams with relative densities varying between 0.25 and 0.4 using high saturation pressures (30 MPa).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PMMA-sepiolite nanocomposites as new promising materials for the production of nanocellular polymers

Bernardo

León

Laguna‐Gutiérrez

et al. 2017

European Polymer Journal

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A B S T R A C TIn this work, a new system based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sepiolite nanocomposites that allow producing nanocellular polymers by using the gas dissolution foaming technique is described. Nanocomposites with different nanoparticle types and contents have been produced by extrusion. From these blends, cellular materials have been fabricated using the so-called gas dissolution foaming method. An extensive study of the effect of the processing parameters (saturation pressure and foaming temperature) on the cellular materials produced has been performed. Results showed that among the three sepiolites used, only those modified with a quaternary ammonium salt are suitable for being used as nucleating agents in PMMA. With these nanoparticles bimodal cellular polymers, with micro and nanometric cells, have been produced. Cell sizes in the range of 300-500 nm and cell densities of the order of 10 13 -10 14 nuclei/cm 3 have been obtained in the nanocellular region. A foaming temperature of 80°C and a wide range of saturation pressures (between 10 and 30 MPa) and low particle contents (between 0.5 and 1.5 wt%) allow obtaining these materials. Furthermore, it has been found that cell size in the nanometric population can be controlled by means of the particles content; a reduction in the cell size is obtained when the particles content increases. Finally, results indicate that an increase in the foaming temperature leads to cellular nanocomposites with lower relative densities (below 0.21) and larger cell sizes (above 450 nm).

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Microcellular Plastics

Wong

Guo

Kumar

et al. 2016

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Microcellular plastics are typically thermoplastic polymers with a large number (∼billions per cm3) of tiny bubbles (of the order of 10 μm in diameter). Their densities can range from 3% to 95% of the solid polymer depending on the volume taken by the bubbles (which are denoted as cells in this paper). In general, microcellular plastics exhibit superior impact strength, toughness, fatigue life, thermal stability, dielectric strength, thermal and acoustical insulation performance, as well as optical properties, relatively to the solid counterparts. Other advantages of microcellular plastics include higher productivity due to its faster processing times and sink‐mark free injection‐molded parts with no residual stress and high dimensional stability. Owing to these unique properties, there are a large number of applications of microcellular plastics, particularly in automotive industries. This article summarizes the science and technology of microcellular plastics. To be specific, their history, science (ie, generation of polymer–gas solution, cell nucleation, growth, deterioration and stabilization), solid‐state processing technologies, continuous processing technologies (ie, extrusion and injection molding), design guidelines of each processing technologies, as well as the properties and application of microcellular plastics, are discussed in detail.

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Solid-state poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofoams. Part II: Low-temperature solid-state process space using CO2 and the resulting morphologies

Cited by 63 publications

References 38 publications

Production and characterization of nanocellular polyphenylsulfone foams

Production and characterization of nanocellular polyphenylsulfone foams

PMMA-sepiolite nanocomposites as new promising materials for the production of nanocellular polymers

Microcellular Plastics

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