Solid State Chemistry of the Silver Halide Surface

Matejec, R.; Meissner, Heide; Moisar, E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571806-6.50007-6

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Sensitization centers are formed on the surface of silver halide crystals and act as effective electron traps. Because the mean free path of excited electrons is about 0.3-0.4 m [29][30][31] and the size of silver halide crystals used in this emulsion is about 0.2 m, most of the electrons generated in the entire crystal can reach traps on the surface of crystals and accumulate there to form surface latent images. Hence, sensitized emulsions form only surface latent images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Detection of Low-Velocity Ions Using Nuclear Emulsion Films

Naka

Kuge

Nakamura

2013

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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We focused on the difference between the photographic sensitivities of nuclear emulsion films by the electronic stopping power (ESP) and nuclear stopping power (NSP) of charged particles. The effects of high-velocity particles, in which ESP was dominant, and of low-velocity particles, where both ESP and NSP were effective, were compared. Low-velocity Kr ions formed internal latent images by the interaction with NSP. This may be due to the formation of crystal defects by atomic collisions along the route of these ions in silver halide crystals, and such defects are detected only by internal development. On the other hand, high-velocity ions like α-rays did not form internal latent images in the emulsion with Au+S sensitization, because sensitization centers on the surface of crystals accumulated excited electrons by ESP and only surface latent images were formed. It is demonstrated that internal latent images are characteristic signals by NSP. Low-velocity ions are selectively detectable by the internal development, even in high background fields like γ-rays, β-rays, or other high-velocity ions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Detection of Low-Velocity Ions Using Nuclear Emulsion Films

Naka

Kuge

Nakamura

2013

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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“…Regardless of whether (S+)Au sensitization is a sufficient condition for finding Eli > EA~/Ag+ it is certainly not a necessary condition: A substantial part of li centers in a commercial film to which no Au + had been added showed a stability well above that of silver (14). For S § Au-sensitized model films, the catalytic activity of li centers in reducing Fe2+/Fe 3+ buffers, defined by the critical potential at which a measurable optical density can be developed in a given redox buffer or by the optical density obtained within a given time at a given potential, did not show any improvement over the corresponding unsensitized films (9,13). Thus it seems that the additional probability of induction of development upon a given exposure, i.e., the sensitivity increase, which can be obtained by chemical sensitization is neither based on a high electrochemical stability nor on a high electron affinity of li surface states present at the end of the exposure.…”

Section: Discussion Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the current models of S -5 Au sensitization include the assumption that Au atoms are present in (part of) the li centers, regardless of basic differences in mechanistic considerations. This very general assumption is mainly based on results of the characterization of li surface states by treatments of S 4-Au-sensitized films in Fe2+/Fe 3+ redox buffers, with adjusted potentials, between exposure and development (8)(9)(10). It took buffers with more positive potentials to oxidize li centers in S 4-Au-sensitized films than were necessary for oxidation of li centers in unsensitized films or in films which had been solely S-sensitized.…”

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confidence: 99%

Gold‐Containing Surface States on Photographic AgBr Grains: Roles besides Photoelectron‐Trapping

Bürge

1982

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Gold‐sensitized photographic films have been treated in redox buffers between exposure and development. Under certain conditions the latent image centers (surface states on normalAgBr containing photoproduced Ag atoms and allowing amplification by development) are no more noble than those in unsensitized films. It is tentatively concluded that an increase in electron affinity of these centers (gold incorporation and/or electron trap deepening at their formation sites) is no condition for a sensitivity increase. Gold‐containing surface states (sensitivity centers) might eliminate positive holes and thus, e.g., preclude recombination provoked by hole capture at precursors of latent image centers.

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“…This effect has been studied by me;tsuring the electrical characteristics of a thin silver halide ~nernbranc mounted bewteen ;~qucous solutions of a silver salt ; there is, however1 some disagreement among the several researcher-s us to the variation of electrical conductivity of the membrane with changing concentration 01-silver ion in the solution. A second mec1i;tnism fol-producing a space charge within the cryst~tl is the l'c~rmation of an electric double Ik~ycs (not necess:trily i~lvolving Ag' ) jusi outside the crystal surface : the resulting change in elect~.os~;tlic potential within the crystal requires a transfer of Af' bet\\jeen crystal and solution [22].…”

Section: J O G Equilibria -Although Thc Sum Of Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of Point Defects With Dislocations and Surfaces in Silver Halide Crystals

Slifkin

1973

J. Phys. Colloques

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Two aspects of defect interactions in AgCl and AgBr are discussed. 1) The establishment of equilibrium between charged jogs (on surfaces and dislocations) and point defects produces surface charges, space charge regions, and local changes in electric potential and defect concentration. The locus and environment of the jogs play a large role in determining the nature of the space charge. For the silver halides, irnplications of these effects to the photographic process are discussed. The available information on the space charges at surfaces and dislocations in both AgBr and AgCl is surveyed ; it is seen that whereas it is energetically cheaper to produce an interstitial Ag+ than a vacancy at a surface jog, the opposite may be true at dislocations. 2) Internal friction techniques have been used to study the binding of solutes to dislocations. In AgCl, the binding energy is approximately 0.2 eV. After a srnall perturbation of the Maxwell atmosphere around the dislocation, the recovery follows a t1/3 law ; a simple model yields this dependence, and also the correct activation energy. Similar studies in AgBr, however, have revealed a strange regime in which the rate constant for recovery has a negative activation energy, the magnitude and temperature range of the effect depending on concentration of dopant. No simple explanation is yet available

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Solid State Chemistry of the Silver Halide Surface

Cited by 5 publications

References 63 publications

Selective Detection of Low-Velocity Ions Using Nuclear Emulsion Films

Selective Detection of Low-Velocity Ions Using Nuclear Emulsion Films

Gold‐Containing Surface States on Photographic AgBr Grains: Roles besides Photoelectron‐Trapping

Interactions of Point Defects With Dislocations and Surfaces in Silver Halide Crystals

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