“…A number of catalysts have been documented, such as TiO 2 /SO 4 −2 [10], ZnO [11], CuSO 4 and K 2 CO 3 [12], glycine [13], CaO [14], silica gel [15], or without any base, but coupled with microwave irradiation [16], MW [17], K 2 CO 3 /MW [18], wet basic Al 2 O 3 /MW and molecular sieve 4Å [19], NaOH [20], Ionic Liquid/water Biphasic System [21], silicaphos (P 2 O 5 /SiO 2 ) [22], and HPA [23]. Many methods are not very satisfactory due to drawbacks such as low yields, problems of generation of polluting HCl, high reaction temperature, long reaction time, and use of organic solvents.…”