Solid C60: a new form of carbon

Krätschmer, Wolfgang; Lamb, Lowell D.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Huffman, Donald R.

doi:10.1038/347354a0

Cited by 7,587 publications

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“…C60 fullerene, as a radical sponge, inactivates multiple circulating free radicals, thus having the potential to stop free radical injury and to halt the progression of diseases caused by excess free radical production (33)(34)(35). It is well known that C60 can effectively protect against all of the principal damaging forms of ROS: hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water‐soluble C60 fullerene prevents degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis via down‐regulation of chondrocyte catabolic activity and inhibition of cartilage degeneration during disease development

Yudoh

Shishido

Murayama

et al. 2007

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. Studies have shown the roles of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and induction of chondrocyte senescence during OA progression. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of a strong free-radical scavenger, watersoluble fullerene (C60), as a protective agent against catabolic stress-induced degeneration of articular cartilage in OA, both in vitro and in vivo.Methods. In the presence or absence of C60 (100 M), human chondrocytes were incubated with interleukin-1␤ (10 ng/ml) or H 2 O 2 (100 M), and chondrocyte activity was analyzed. An animal model of OA was produced in rabbits by resection of the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. Rabbits were divided into 5 subgroups: sham operation or treatment with C60 at 0.1 M, 1 M, 10 M, or 40 M. The left knee joint was injected intraarticularly with watersoluble C60 (2 ml), while, as a control, the right knee joint received 50% polyethylene glycol (2 ml), once weekly for 4 weeks or 8 weeks. Knee bone and cartilage tissue were prepared for histologic analysis. In addition, in the OA rabbit model, the effect of C60 (10 M) on degeneration of articular cartilage was compared with that of sodium hyaluronate (HA) (5 mg/ml).Results. C60 (100 M) inhibited the catabolic stress-induced production of matrix-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13), downregulation of matrix production, and apoptosis and premature senescence in human chondrocytes in vitro.In rabbits with OA, treatment with water-soluble C60 significantly reduced articular cartilage degeneration, whereas control knee joints showed progression of cartilage degeneration with time. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent, and was superior to that of HA. Combined treatment with C60 and HA yielded a significant reduction in cartilage degeneration compared with either treatment alone. Conclusion.The results indicate that C60 fullerene is a potential therapeutic agent for the protection of articular cartilage against progression of OA.During the development of osteoarthritis (OA), mechanical and chemical stresses on articular cartilage change the stable cellular activities of chondrocytes and stimulate the production of growth factors and matrix proteins as well as inflammation mediators (1-4). It is well known that catabolic-stressed chondrocytes produce excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) as well as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (4-9).Studies have provided ample confirmation of the generation of ROS and the depletion of cellular antioxidants in degenerated articular cartilage (8-10). Numerous reports have indicated that the degeneration of articular cartilage is partially mediated by oxygenderived free radicals (8-12). Kurz et al reported that the extent of mechanical stress on articular cartilage is sufficient to stimulate an excess production of ROS from chondrocytes, leading to depolymerization of hyaluronic acid and chondrocyte death (11,12). Similarly, Gree...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fullerene (C60) is known as a spheric carbon molecule with a unique cage structure (33,34), and is characterized as a strong radical sponge (35). This compound has high reactivity with oxygen-derived free radicals and functions potentially as a free-radical scavenger.…”

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Water‐soluble C60 fullerene prevents degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis via down‐regulation of chondrocyte catabolic activity and inhibition of cartilage degeneration during disease development

Yudoh

Shishido

Murayama

et al. 2007

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…[1][2][3][4] Because of their unique structure, fullerenes have many interesting and unique properties. 3,4 For example, C 60 molecules are known to exhibit an optical limiting effect.…”

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Molecular State and Distribution of Fullerenes Entrapped in Sol−Gel Samples

2008

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“…[4]) were observed [5,6] soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) [7]. Following the development of the Krätschmer-Huffman method for preparation of fullerenes [8] (an electrical discharge between graphite electrodes in the presence of 0.2 atm of He gas), Smalley and co-workers produced macroscopic quantities of endohedral metallofullerenes in laser vaporization experiments on graphite doped with metal salts [4]. Weiske et al [9] observed helium within the fragments of C 60 ϩ following high-energy collisions between the cations and the noble gas.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recent results have shown that the presence of KCN catalyzes the incorporation of noble gas, giving higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) in a single labeling experiment [23]. It is also known that He is trapped inside fullerenes (at about 1 ppm of empty fullerene) prepared by the Krätschmer-Huffman procedure [1,8]. In a recent finding, it was shown that fullerenes extracted from the Allende and Murchison meteorites contained endohedral helium [24].…”

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Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Cooper

Hendrickson

Marshall

et al. 2002

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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In this paper, we report negative ion microelectrospray Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry of C 60 samples containing ϳ1% 3 He@C 60 or 4 He@C 60 . Resolving 3 He@C 60 Ϫ and 4 He@C 60 Ϫ from C 60 containing 3 or 4 13 C instead of 12 C atoms is technically challenging, because the target species are present in low relative abundance and are very close in mass. Nevertheless, we achieve baseline resolution of 3 He@C 60 Ϫ from 13 C 3 12 C 57 Ϫ and 4 He@C 60 Ϫ from 13 C 4 12 C 56 Ϫ in single-scan mass spectra obtained in broadband mode without preisolation of the ions of interest. The results constitute the first direct mass spectrometric observation of endohedral helium in a fullerene sample at this (low) level of incorporation. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of determining the extent of He incorporation from the FT-ICR mass spectral peak heights. The present measurements are in agreement with those obtained by the pyrolysis method [1][2][3]. Although limited in sensitivity, the mass spectral method is faster and easier than pyrolysis. [4]) were observed [5,6] soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) [7]. Following the development of the Krätschmer-Huffman method for preparation of fullerenes [8] (an electrical discharge between graphite electrodes in the presence of 0.2 atm of He gas), Smalley and co-workers produced macroscopic quantities of endohedral metallofullerenes in laser vaporization experiments on graphite doped with metal salts [4]. Weiske et al. [9] observed helium within the fragments of C 60 ϩ following high-energy collisions between the cations and the noble gas. Shortly after, the full He@C 60 ϩ adduct was observed [10,11]. Endohedral neon and argon compounds have also been produced by that method [12][13][14]. Another technique for the preparation of endohedral fullerene compounds is that of ion implantation (the endohedral species is neutralized on implantation). Endohedral species containing lithium and other alkali metals [15][16][17], the noble gases, He and Ne [18], and nitrogen [19] have been produced by that method.Endohedral compounds of all the noble gases can be prepared by heating fullerenes under high noble gas pressure [1][2][3]20]. Initially, yields of incorporation were approximately 0.1% for He, Ne, Ar and Kr and 0.03% for Xe. Subsequent experiments showed that reiterations of the labeling procedure resulted in higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) [21]. 3 He@C 60 , an NMR-active molecule, has also been prepared by that method [21,22]. Recent results have shown that the presence of KCN catalyzes the incorporation of noble gas, giving higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) in a single labeling experiment [23]. It is also known that He is trapped inside fullerenes (at about 1 ppm of empty fullerene) prepared by the Krätschmer-Huffman procedure [1,8]. In a recent finding, it was shown that fullerenes extracted from the Allende and Murchison meteorites contained endohedral helium [24]. The 3 He/ 4 He ratio in those fullerenes ...

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Solid C60: a new form of carbon

Cited by 7,587 publications

References 31 publications

Water‐soluble C60 fullerene prevents degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis via down‐regulation of chondrocyte catabolic activity and inhibition of cartilage degeneration during disease development

Water‐soluble C60 fullerene prevents degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis via down‐regulation of chondrocyte catabolic activity and inhibition of cartilage degeneration during disease development

Molecular State and Distribution of Fullerenes Entrapped in Sol−Gel Samples

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

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Solid C60: a new form of carbon

Cited by 7,587 publications

References 31 publications

Water‐soluble C60 fullerene prevents degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis via down‐regulation of chondrocyte catabolic activity and inhibition of cartilage degeneration during disease development

Water‐soluble C60 fullerene prevents degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis via down‐regulation of chondrocyte catabolic activity and inhibition of cartilage degeneration during disease development

Molecular State and Distribution of Fullerenes Entrapped in Sol−Gel Samples

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C60 by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

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Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry