Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial

Solar Drinking Water Disinfection (SODIS) to Reduce Childhood Diarrhoea in Rural Bolivia: A Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial

“…On the other hand, our result of a 19% reduction in diarrhoeal episodes appears to be roughly consistent with results of the two other SODIS trials both from Maasai cultural settings conducted by Conroy and colleagues among children ,6 y and 5-16 y of age. They report a 16% reduction (in ,6 y olds, 2-wk prevalence of 48.8% in intervention, and 58.1% in control group) [8] and a 10.3% reduction in the 2-wk diarrhoea prevalence (in 5-16 y olds) [7]. However, these randomized controlled trials were undertaken in a socio-cultural setting assuring a 100% compliance (as stated by the authors) in water treatment behaviour through social control by Maasai elders who promoted the method [7,8].…”

“…They report a 16% reduction (in ,6 y olds, 2-wk prevalence of 48.8% in intervention, and 58.1% in control group) [8] and a 10.3% reduction in the 2-wk diarrhoea prevalence (in 5-16 y olds) [7]. However, these randomized controlled trials were undertaken in a socio-cultural setting assuring a 100% compliance (as stated by the authors) in water treatment behaviour through social control by Maasai elders who promoted the method [7,8]. In the results presented in these studies adjusted models with post hoc selected covariates were presented (i.e., no unadjusted models were provided).…”

“…The three reported SODIS trials to date implemented the intervention at the household level, two of them in highly controlled settings that ensured very high compliance [7][8][9]. The highest reduction in incidence (36%) was recorded in a trial carried out among 200 children in an urban slum in Vellore, India [9].…”

Reclamation of Saline Water through Solar Desalinization Process under Arid/Semi-Arid of Thar at Umerkot District, Sindh, Pakistan

“…Maintenance cost of these solar units is also very minute . The use of solar irradiation for treatment of chemically and biologically contaminated water is not a new trend (Calkins et al, 1976: Conroy et al, 1996Davies-Colley et al, 1994;Malik et al, 1982;Safapour and Metcalf, 1999;Sinton et al, 1999Sinton et al, , 2002 …”

Evaluation of the CDC safe water-storage intervention to improve the microbiological quality of point-of-use drinking water in rural communities in South Africa

“…Several studies carried out in developing communities to improve the microbiological quality of stored household drinking water, have reported on the effectiveness of treatments such as boiling, heating, sedimentation, filtration, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solutions (Gilman and Skillicorn, 1985;Mintz et al, 1995;Conroy et al, 1996;CDC, 2001;Sobsey, 2002;Clasen et al, 2006). Studies which have investigated the shapes and sizes of household water-storage containers showed that the geometric design of household water-storage containers played an important role in ensuring that the stored drinking water does not become contaminated by external factors such as dirty hands and utensils (Patel and Isaacson, 1989;Sutton and Mubiana, 1989;Sobsey, 2002).…”