Evaluation of the CDC safe water-storage intervention to improve the microbiological quality of point-of-use drinking water in rural communities in South Africa

Potgieter, Natasha; Becker, Piet J.; Ehlers, M.M.

doi:10.4314/wsa.v35i4.76810

Cited by 30 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Since 2004 a spate of surveys and technical papers have noted that up to 70% of municipal waste treatment facilities in South Africa face collapse for lack of proper maintenance and extension, while about a third require"immediate intervention" and another third intervention "within the short to medium term" [12,13]. Experts point out that the country's local authorities are increasingly unable to cope with the constant demand for effective sewage treatment [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Discharged Wastewater Final Effluent on the Physicochemical Qualities of a Receiving Watershed in a Suburban Community of the Eastern Cape Province

Osode

Okoh²

2009

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Failures of sewage treatment systems, both within and outside South Africa, are most commonly ascribed to inadequate facilities and other factors resulting in the production of poor quality effluents with attendant negative consequences on the receiving watershed. The impact of the final effluent of a wastewater treatment facility in a suburban community of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa on the physicochemical qualities of the receiving watershed was assessed between August 2007 and July 2008. Water quality parameters were analyzed according to the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry standards. The effluent quality was acceptable with respect to the pH (6.9–7.8), temperature (13.8–22.0°C), dissolved oxygen (DO) (4.9–7.8 mg/L), salinity (0.12–0.17 psu), total dissolved solids (TDS) (119–162 mg/L) and nitrite concentration (0.1–0.4 mg/L). The other physicochemical parameters that did not comply with regulated standards include the following: phosphate (0.1–4.0 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (5–211 mg/L), electrical conductivity (EC) (237–325 μS/cm), and turbidity (7.7–62.7 NTU). The results suggest that eutrophication is intensified in the vicinity of the effluent discharge points, where phosphate and nitrate were found in high concentrations. The discharged final effluents had detrimental effects on the receiving body of water, thus suggesting the need for regular and consistent intervention by appropriate monitoring and compliance agencies to ensure adherence to acceptable standards for discharged effluents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Discharged Wastewater Final Effluent on the Physicochemical Qualities of a Receiving Watershed in a Suburban Community of the Eastern Cape Province

Osode

Okoh²

2009

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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“…The data for the upstream exceeded the recommended limits only in November and in the downstream section in August and September. The high levels of total coliforms in surface water sources were the result of the high rates of contamination from faecal and environment wastes [15]. These high coliform counts are associated with waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic organisms such as Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp and pathogenic E. coli [20].…”

Section: B Microbiological Water Quality Of Surface Water Sources Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Makhera et al [14] pH values ranging from 3.0 to 10.5 could favour the growth of both indicators and pathogenic micro-organisms. In addition, microorganisms are affected differently in the water sources due to the changes of pH and temperatures of water sources [11,15]. Nevertheless, the pH of the study sites was within the South African Water Quality Guidelines standard limits and WHO guideline values [16][17].…”

Section: A the Effects Of Physical Parameters On The Microbialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water temperature measurements noted in this study were of no significant effects on domestic use. Several studies noted that water temperature plays an important role in the survival of microorganisms [15,16,19]. The recommended limits of surface water temperature varied between 18 ºC to 24 ºC [16].…”

Section: A the Effects Of Physical Parameters On The Microbialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Microbial Quality of Surface Water Sources of Luvuvhu River Catchment, South Africa

Mailula¹,

Gumbo²

2017

Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa ASETWM-17, RCABES-17 &Amp; EBHSSS-17

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Abstract-The majority of global rural communities, includingSouth Africa, rely on untreated surface water for human consumption. The consumption arises partly from the local municipalities' erratic supply of treated drinking water to its residents. Here we report on the microbial load of surface water sources and after simple water treatment using hand dug wells in Vhembe District, South Africa. The results of the pH were in the range 6.90 to 8.86 with the water temperature ranging from 16 to 25 ºC. The turbidity values were in the range 2.53 to 393.67 NTU which shows problem of soil erosion, rainfall runoff and wastewater discharge by upstream sewage works. The faecal coliform counts varied between 0 cfu/100 ml to > 300 cfu/100 ml, E. coli counts varied between 0 cfu/100ml and >300 cfu/100 ml, and faecal Streptococci counts between 1.5 cfu/100 ml to >300 cfu/100 ml. The microbial load in the hand dug wells was considerably lower than that of the Nandoni reservoir (due to soil filtering capacity). The existence of a high microbial load that exceeded acceptable regulatory guidelines render these water sources unsafe for human consumption. Physical conditions, such as water temperature, also enable bacterial propagation. Thus, the advent of climate change and especially the warming of surface waters may exacerbate the current condition of the use of untreated surface water sources.

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“…These variations led to significant variations in ECD rates and HAZ 2 scores. This is one indicator as to why point-of-use ceramic filters have proven to be e↵ective at reducing ECD rates (Hunter, 2009) worldwide and why safe water systems that prevent biological layer formation have improved water quality in South Africa (Potgieter et al , 2009). The container cleaning experiment results are given in Figure A.12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Complexities of Water, Hygiene and Health in Limpopo, South Africa

Mellor¹

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Poor household drinking water quality and the early childhood diarrhea (ECD) and child growth stunting that result from it are a scourge that leads to the premature death of nearly 1.6 million children worldwide each year. Researchers have long studied the causes and prevention strategies of poor household water quality and ECD using intervention-control trials. Although the results of such trials can lead to useful information, they do not capture the complexity of this human/engineered/natural system. This dissertation reports on the development of an agent-based model (ABM) to study such a system in Limpopo, South Africa. This method proved to be an effective tool to develop a robust, quantitative understanding of the complex coliform bacteria transmission chain that leads to ECD and to investigate key mechanisms, risk factors, behaviors and intervention strategies to mitigate such transmission. This was achieved in three main parts. The first was an investigation of the sources and regrowth mechanisms of coliform bacteria as well as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) behavior in the communities. The second part was to use that information to inform the development of an ABM and use that ABM to explore the various risk factors a↵ecting the outcome variables of household water quality, ECD incidences and child growth stunting. Lastly, the ABM was used understand the long-term sustainability of a ceramic water filter (CWF) campaign using field data about longitudinal microbial e↵ectiveness.

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Evaluation of the CDC safe water-storage intervention to improve the microbiological quality of point-of-use drinking water in rural communities in South Africa

Cited by 30 publications

References 48 publications

Impact of Discharged Wastewater Final Effluent on the Physicochemical Qualities of a Receiving Watershed in a Suburban Community of the Eastern Cape Province

Impact of Discharged Wastewater Final Effluent on the Physicochemical Qualities of a Receiving Watershed in a Suburban Community of the Eastern Cape Province

Assessment of Microbial Quality of Surface Water Sources of Luvuvhu River Catchment, South Africa

Modeling the Complexities of Water, Hygiene and Health in Limpopo, South Africa

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