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Endophytes are organisms that live at least parts of their life cycle asymptomatically within the plant tissue. Endophytic fungi include new species as well as latent pathogens and dormant saprophytes. The estimated high species diversity of endophytes and their adaptation to various plant habitats presumes a rich and almost untapped source of new secondary metabolites, some of which might become useful leads for pharmaceutical or agricultural applications. Forests are large reservoirs for fungal diversity, covering 30.3% of the land area in the world. This chapter focuses on bioactive natural compounds, which were isolated from tree endophytes described from 2007 on. Furthermore, an overview is given on research efforts of pharmaceutically significant plant compounds produced by endophytic fungi, namely: taxol, camptothecin, as well as podophyllotoxin and derivatives. In addition, recent literature on endophytes and the biological activity of their extracts is cited. Abbreviations ITSinternal transcribed spacer MIC minimal inhibitory concentration IC 50 half maximal inhibitory concentration HIV human immunodeficiency virus VOC volatile organic compound A. Schueffler ( ) • T. Anke
Endophytes are organisms that live at least parts of their life cycle asymptomatically within the plant tissue. Endophytic fungi include new species as well as latent pathogens and dormant saprophytes. The estimated high species diversity of endophytes and their adaptation to various plant habitats presumes a rich and almost untapped source of new secondary metabolites, some of which might become useful leads for pharmaceutical or agricultural applications. Forests are large reservoirs for fungal diversity, covering 30.3% of the land area in the world. This chapter focuses on bioactive natural compounds, which were isolated from tree endophytes described from 2007 on. Furthermore, an overview is given on research efforts of pharmaceutically significant plant compounds produced by endophytic fungi, namely: taxol, camptothecin, as well as podophyllotoxin and derivatives. In addition, recent literature on endophytes and the biological activity of their extracts is cited. Abbreviations ITSinternal transcribed spacer MIC minimal inhibitory concentration IC 50 half maximal inhibitory concentration HIV human immunodeficiency virus VOC volatile organic compound A. Schueffler ( ) • T. Anke
Losses of potatoes are incurred during seasons of glut and farmers are forced to sell their produce to middlemen at low prices due to short storage life of the raw tubers. Processing potatoes after harvesting into dehydrated products such as potato flakes is one of the ways to overcome the problem of inadequate and inappropriate bulk storage of raw potatoes. Potato flakes are known to be shelf stable and hence assure users of the availability of the produce all year round. This study was instituted to establish the potential of processing potato flakes from selected popular Kenyan potato varieties. Five potato varieties (Tigoni, Dutch Robjin, Desiree, Kenya Mpya, and Sherekea) which are popular commercially were used in this study. The varieties were harvested after maturity and processed into potato flakes before evaluation of retained vitamin C, color, oil and moisture content, and sensory attributes. The varieties used in this study had dry matter contents ranging from 18.2% to 23.7%. Oil content of the flakes was significantly (P≤0.05) lower in Dutch Robjin (0.23%) compared to Desiree (0.76%). Oil content of flakes significantly (p=0.011) but negatively correlated (r=-0.956) with dry matter content of the raw potatoes. Reduced ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in raw tubers differed significantly (P≤0.05) among the varieties ranging from 90.37 mg/100g in Kenya Mpya to 127.56 mg/100g in Sherekea. The vitamin decreased in flakes, the reduction being higher in Kenya Mpya (60.34%) and Sherekea (71.71%) compared to Tigoni (18.15%) and Desiree (23.26%). Overall, Dutch Robjin was the best variety for flakes followed by Desiree and Tigoni with regard to overall acceptability. Sherekea was unacceptable while Kenya Mpya was barely acceptable. Promotion of these varieties for flakes processing will not only diversify the range of potato products, but also add value to local potatoes.
The results of an investigation of the ergasiophytes (species deliberately introduced to a region for cultivation) of the Ukraine (458 species) are presented. The systematic, life forms and morphological types of plants with respect to soil moisture spectras, origin and degree of naturalisation of species of thіs group are analyzed. A annotated list of ergasiophytes is provided.
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