Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion—A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio molitor Larvae

Spochacz, Marta; Szymczak, Monika; Chowański, Szymon; Bufo, Sabino Aurelio; Adamski, Zbigniew

doi:10.3390/toxins12100612

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Plant derivatives have been extensively studied for their efficacy against many insect species to prove their insecticidal properties [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum ) is a member of the Solanaceae family, the same as potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) or tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Spochacz

Chowański

Szymczak-Cendlak

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Glycoalkaloids, secondary metabolites abundant in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, may affect the physiology of insect pests. This paper presents original results dealing with the influence of a crude extract obtained from Solanum nigrum unripe berries and its main constituent, solasonine, on the physiology of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) that can be used as an alternative bioinsecticide. G. mellonella IV instar larvae were treated with S. nigrum extract and solasonine at different concentrations. The effects of extract and solasonine were evaluated analyzing changes in carbohydrate and amino acid composition in hemolymph by RP-HPLC and in the ultrastructure of the fat body cells by TEM. Both extract and solasonine changed the level of hemolymph metabolites and the ultrastructure of the fat body and the midgut cells. In particular, the extract increased the erythritol level in the hemolymph compared to control, enlarged the intracellular space in fat body cells, and decreased cytoplasm and lipid droplets electron density. The solasonine, tested with three concentrations, caused the decrease of cytoplasm electron density in both fat body and midgut cells. Obtained results highlighted the disturbance of the midgut and the fat body due to glycoalkaloids and the potential role of hemolymph ingredients in its detoxification. These findings suggest a possible application of glycoalkaloids as a natural insecticide in the pest control of G. mellonella larvae.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Spochacz

Chowański

Szymczak-Cendlak

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…However, the possible usage of EXT on a large scale seems to be the adoption of S. nigrum extract as a supportive addition for insecticide action. Spochacz et al [ 6 ] demonstrated that sub-lethal doses of EXT can enhance the activity of other insecticides, such as fenitrothion [ 6 ]. The undoubted advantage of EXT is the fact that its composition was characterized, for example by Chowański et al [ 7 ] and Yang et al [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The knowledge about the nature of the effects elicited by plant-derived compounds can be helpful in planning strategies for pest control [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. This is related to the fact that even sub-lethal concentrations may cause insect immune system activity malfunctions and synergistically support the action of other compounds used in pest control [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Moreover, the used insect species are not accidental.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Modulates Immune System Activity of Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor L.

Urbański

Konopińska

Bylewska

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Here, we report the first evidence concerning the modulation of insect immune system activity after applying Solanum nigrum fruit extract (EXT). We focused on two main issues: (1) is EXT cytotoxic for Tenebrio molitor haemocytes? and (2) how EXT affects the basic immune mechanisms of T. molitor. The results indicate cytotoxic action of 0.01 and 0.1% EXT on beetle haemocytes. Both the injection of EXT and incubating haemocytes with the EXT solution on microscopic slides significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells. However, 24 h after injection of 0.1% EXT cytotoxic effect of the tested extract probably was masked by the increased number of circulating haemocytes. Application of 0.01 and 0.1% EXT led to impairment of the activity of basic immune mechanisms such as phenoloxidase activity and the lysozyme-like antimicrobial activity of T. molitor haemolymph. Moreover, the EXT elicited significant changes in the expression level of selected immune genes. However, some of the immunomodulatory effects of EXT were different in beetles with and without an activated immune system. The obtained results are an essential step toward a complete understanding of the EXT mode of action on the T. molitor physiology and its potential usage in pest control.

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“…Furthermore, SGAs affect the structure of fat body cells and the midgut and change the carbohydrate profile of insect haemolymph (Spochacz et al. 2018 , 2020 , 2021 ). Therefore, due to similar effects observed in insects and mammals, insects can serve as good models for testing the effects of these substances on mammals, including humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanaceae glycoalkaloids: α-solanine and α-chaconine modify the cardioinhibitory activity of verapamil

Chowański

Winkiel

Szymczak-Cendlak

et al. 2022

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context Solanaceae glycoalkaloids (SGAs) possess cardiomodulatory activity. Objective This study investigated the potential interaction between verapamil and glycoalkaloids. Material and methods The cardioactivity of verapamil and glycoalkaloids (α-solanine and α-chaconine) was tested in adult beetle ( Tenebrio molitor ) myocardium in vitro using microdensitometric methods. The myocardium was treated with pure substances and mixtures of verapamil and glycoalkaloids for 9 min with saline as a control. Two experimental variants were used: simultaneous application of verapamil and glycoalkaloids or preincubation of the myocardium with one of the compounds followed by perfusion with a verapamil solution. We used 9 × 10 −6–5 × 10 −5 M and 10 −9 –10 −5 M concentration for verapamil and glycoalkaloids, respectively. Results Verapamil, α-solanine and α-chaconine showed cardioinhibitory activity with IC 50 values equal to 1.69 × 10 −5 , 1.88 × 10 −7 and 7.48 × 10 −7 M, respectively. When the glycoalkaloids were applied simultaneously with verapamil, an antagonistic effect was observed with a decrease in the maximal inhibitory effect and prolongation of t 50 and the recovery time characteristic of verapamil. We also confirmed the expression of two transcript forms of the gene that encodes the α1 subunit of L-type calcium channels in the myocardium and brain with equal transcription levels of both forms in the myocardium and significant domination of the shorter form in the brain of the insect species tested. Discussion and conclusions The results show that attention to the composition of the daily diet during therapy with various drugs is particularly important. In subsequent studies, the nature of interaction between verapamil and SGAs on the molecular level should be checked, and whether this interaction decreases the efficiency of cardiovascular therapy with verapamil in humans.

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Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion—A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio molitor Larvae

Cited by 11 publications

References 57 publications

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella

Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Modulates Immune System Activity of Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor L.

Solanaceae glycoalkaloids: α-solanine and α-chaconine modify the cardioinhibitory activity of verapamil

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